Simulation of 3D inclined/rotated UV lithography and its application to microneedles

A 3D model is set up to simulate the exposure process of inclined/rotated UV lithography for negative SU-8 resists. The formation of inclined resist pillars and microstructures with truncated cone shapes is simulated based on a 3D exposure model in combination with a post exposure bake model for chemically amplified resists and the Mack development model. As one of the interesting applications employing this promising lithography technique for MEMS fabrication, a solid microneedle for drug delivery is simulated.     

A Comprehensive Theoretical Analysis of <Superscript>6,7</Superscript>Li + <Superscript>64</Superscript>Zn Elastic Scattering in a Wide Angular Range Around the Coulomb Barrier

In this paper, the elastic scattering angular distributions of ^6,7Li on ⁶⁴Zn have been investigated by using various nuclear potentials. For this, we use the phenomenological Woods-Saxon potential, the real double folding potential with the density-independent M3Y effective interaction supplemented with an imaginary part in Woods-Saxon form and the double folding potentials multiplied with a normalization factor of the real and imaginary parts via the density-independent and CDM3Y6 density-dependent versions of the M3Y effective interaction have been used. The results have been compared with each other as well as with the experimental data. It has been observed that the agreement between the theoretical results and earlier reported data is perfect. Finally, the change of the total reaction cross sections with energy has been investigated.     

Comparative study of the water oxidizing reactions and the millisecond delayed chlorophyll fluorescence in photosystem II at different pH

Water splitting activity, the multiline EPR signal associated with S(2)-state of the CaMn(4)-cluster and the fast and slow phases of the induction curve of the millisecond delayed chlorophyll fluorescence from photosystem II (PSII) in the pH range of 4.5-8.5 were studied in the thylakoid membranes and purified PSII particles. It has been found that O(2) evolution and the multiline EPR signal were inhibited at acidic (pK approximately 5.3) and alkaline (pK approximately 8.1) pH values, and were maximal at pH 6.0-7.0. Our results indicate that the loss of O(2) evolution and the S(2)-state multiline EPR signal associated with the decrease of the millisecond delayed chlorophyll fluorescence only in alkaline region (pH 7.0-8.5). Possible correlations of the millisecond delayed chlorophyll fluorescence components with the donor side reactions in PSII are discussed.     

Comparative study of annealing and gold dopant effect on DC sputtered vanadium oxide films for bolometer applications

Vanadium oxide (VO_x) thin film has been widely used for IR detectors and it is one of the promising materials for THz detectors due to its high temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) values. VO_x films with proper TCR values have also high resistance and it restricts bolometer performance especially for uncooled bolometers. To overcome this problem, deposition at elevated temperatures or annealing approach has been accepted and used but gold co-deposition approach has been proposed recently. In this study, vanadium oxide films were fabricated on high resistivity silicon substrates by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering in different O₂/Ar atmosphere at room temperature. We investigated influence of oxygen partial pressure during deposition process and fabricated VO_x thin films with sufficient TCR values for bolometer applications. In order to decrease resistivity of the deposited films, post annealing and gold doping approaches were performed separately. Effect of both post annealing process and gold doping process on structural and electrical properties of VO_x thin films deposited at room temperature were investigated and detailed comparison between these methods were presented. We obtained the best possible approach to obtain optimum conditions for the highly reproducible VO_x thin films which have the best resistivity and suitable TCR value for bolometer applications.     

Folding Model Analysis of Elastic Scattering of 11B from Light,Medium, and Heavy Nuclei

The elastic scattering angular distributions of ¹¹B projectile on light, medium, and heavy target nuclei including ⁷Li, ⁹Be, ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ^24,25,26Mg, ²⁷Al, ²⁸Si, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁵⁸Ni, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁰Ni, ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁸Pb, and ²⁰⁹Bi have been analyzed at various incident energies. The theoretical results have been obtained by using two different nuclear potentials within the framework of the optical model (OM). Firstly, the double folding potential for real part and the Wood-Saxon (WS) potential for imaginary part have been applied. Secondly, the calculations with double folding potential for both real and imaginary part have been performed and compared with the experimental data. It has been seen that the results are in very good agreement with the experimental data. Also, the volume integrals and cross-sections for each reaction have been obtained. Finally, a new and simple formula for the imaginary potential depth has been derived to clarify the nuclear interactions of ¹¹B nucleus at low energy reactions.     

Investigation of Factors Affecting Controlled Release from Photosensitive DMPC and DSPC Liposomes

An investigation of liposomes comprised of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) lipids with cholesterol and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) revealed that several fundamental liposome properties are influenced by composition and by lipid-specific features. DMPC and DSPC liposomes were synthesized, and their compositional changes, encapsulation capacities, morphologies, and release properties were evaluated. In this research, liposome degradation, lysis, and content release were initiated by photolysis, i.e., rupture induced by exposure to light. A controlled release mechanism was created through the introduction of photosensitizers (i.e., ZnPC) embedded within the cholesterol-stabilized liposome membrane. The light wavelength and light exposure time accelerated photodegradation properties of DMPC liposomes compared to DSPC liposomes, which exhibited a slower release rate. Morphological changes in the liposomes were strongly influenced by light wavelength and light exposure time. For both the DMPC and DSPC liposomes, visible light with wavelengths in the red end of the spectrum and broad spectrum ambient lighting (400?C700?nm) were more effective for lysis than UV-A light (365?nm). Heating liposomes to 100?°C decreased the stability of liposomes compared to liposomes kept at room temperatures. In addition, the optimal lipid-to-cholesterol-to-photoactivator ratio that produced the most stable liposomes was determined.     

Reanalysis of Elastic Scattering of 6Li + 209Bi Reaction Using a New Density Distribution of 6Li Nucleus

In the present paper, the elastic scattering of ⁶Li + ²⁰⁹Bi system is reanalyzed by using the double folding model (DFM) at energies near the Coulomb barrier (E_Lab=29.9 and 32.8 MeV). With this goal, a new density distribution of ⁶Li nucleus, the no-core full configuration (NCFC) density distribution (DD), is used to obtain the real potentials in DFM calculations. The NCFC DD results are compared with the results of both gaussian shape (GS) DD and an earlier study as well as the experimental data. This comparison provides information about the similarities and differences of the models used in calculations.     

Fatty Acid Composition and Physical Properties of Turkish Tree Hazel Nuts

The fatty acid composition and some physical properties of nuts of Turkish tree hazels were investigated. Average nut weight, diameter, shell thickness, percent kernel, and moisture content were determined. Oil content ranged between 64.48% and 71.92%. Oleic and linoleic acids was the predominant fatty acids, together representing 91.7% of the total. The amount of palmitic and stearic acids was low while palmitoleic, margaric, margaroleic, linolenic, arachidic, and gadoleic acids were present in trace amounts. This is the first report on the fatty acid composition of Turkish tree hazel. __________ Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 306–308, July–August, 2005.     

Multi-dimensional energetic performance modeling of an aircraft engine with the aid of enhanced least–squares estimation based genetic algorithm method

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Aircraft must have reliable and sustainable sources of power systems and must use energy efficiently. Aircraft engine advances have dramatically...     

The insertion loss of perforated porous plates in a duct without and with mean air flow

Measurements of the acoustic insertion loss of poroelastic plates with different perforation ratios, mounted transversely across a flow duct, without and with flow have been made at various locations in the duct. For the lower perforation ratio the insertion loss is found to be approximately 3 dB higher with air flow than without over the frequency range of the measurements. A parallel impedance model has been formulated to predict the effects of perforation on the insertion loss without flow. Measurements and predictions without flow have been found to be in reasonable agreement.