Reactions of carbethoxycarbene with enaminones. Formation of unexpected pyrroles

The reactions of carbethoxycarbene (:CH₂-CO₂Et, 2) with several acyclic enaminones (RCOCH=CR¹NHR², 3) lead to the unexpected formation of 2-Me, 3-CO₂Et, 4-H, 5-R¹-pyrroles 4 . Structural variations of the enaminones show that the structural fragments C(3)-CO₂Et and C(2)-Me are provided by 2 and that the fragment C(5)-R¹NHR² originates from the enaminones 3 , while the RCO group from 3 is eliminated during the course of reaction. Reactions with cyclic and nitrogen-hindered enaminones do not lead to pyrrole formation but occur by simple insertion of 2 to the Cα-H bond.     

Optimization of Extraction Conditions and Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg Fruit Pulp

Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg is a native species to the Cerrado biome with significant nutritional value. However, its volatile organic compounds (VOCs) chemical profile is not reported in the scientific literature. VOCs are low molecular weight chemical compounds capable of conferring aroma to fruit, constituting quality markers, and participating in the maintenance and preservation of fruit species. This work studied and determined the best conditions for extraction and analysis of VOCs from the pulp of Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg fruit and identified and characterized its aroma. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was employed using different fiber sorbents: DVB/CAR/PDMS, PDMS/DVB, and PA. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to separate, detect, and identify VOCs. Variables of time and temperature of extraction and sample weight distinctly influenced the extraction of volatiles for each fiber. PDMS/DVB was the most efficient, followed by PA and CAR/PDMS/DVB. Thirty-eight compounds that comprise the aroma were identified among sesquiterpenes (56.4%) and monoterpenes (30.8%), such as α-fenchene, guaiol, globulol, α-muurolene, γ-himachalene, α-pinene, γ-elemene, and patchoulene.     

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and partial least squares discriminant analysis applied to the quality control of olive oil

Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode [ESI(+)‐MS] is used to obtain fingerprints of aqueous–methanolic extracts of two types of olive oils, extra virgin (EV) and ordinary (OR), as well as of samples of EV olive oil adulterated by the addition of OR olive oil and other edible oils: corn (CO), sunflower (SF), soybean (SO) and canola (CA). The MS data is treated by the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) protocol aiming at discriminating the above‐mentioned classes formed by the genuine olive oils, EV (1) and OR (2), as well as the EV adulterated samples, i.e. EV/SO (3), EV/CO (4), EV/SF (5), EV/CA (6) and EV/OR (7). The PLS‐DA model employed is built with 190 and 70 samples for the training and test sets, respectively. For all classes (1–7), EV and OR olive oils as well as the adulterated samples (in a proportion varying from 0.5 to 20.0% w/w) are properly classified. The developed methodology required no ions identification and demonstrated to be fast, as each measurement lasted about 3 min including the extraction step and MS analysis, and reliable, because high sensitivities (rate of true positives) and specificities (rate of true negatives) were achieved. Finally, it can be envisaged that this approach has potential to be applied in quality control of EV olive oils. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sul riconoscimento microchimico del cromo nei colori minerali

Résumé (W) Cet article fait suite à d'autres, dans lesquels on décrit un procédé systématique pour reconnaître microchimiquement les couleurs minérales; ces notes précédentes indiquent les méthodes pour reconnaître, par voie microchimique, le cuivre et le plomb dans les couleurs à base de ces métaux. L'auteur décrit ici les caractères différentiels des couleurs contenant du chrome et le procédé pour reconnaître microchimiquement le chrome, dans les couleurs qui le contiennent, soit sous forme de cations (vert de chrome) soit sous forme d'anions (jaunes de chrome, de baryum, de strontium et de zinc).

---

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt die Reihe der früheren Veröffentlichungen des Autors fort, in denen ein systematisches Verfahren für den mikrochemischen Nachweis von mineralischen Farben beschrieben und die Methoden für den Nachweis von Kupfer in Farben auf Kupferbasis sowie von Blei in Farben auf Bleibasis mitgeteilt worden sind. In der nunmehrigen Veröffentlichung schildert der Verfasser die verschiedenen Kennzeichen der Chrom enthaltenden Farben und das Vorgehen beim mikrochemischen Chromnachweis in Farben, die Chrom entweder als Kation enthalten (Chromgrün) oder aber als Anion (Chromgelb, Barium-, Strontium-, Zinkchromat).

---

Sommario Facendo seguito ad altre note, nelle quali é stato descritto un procedimento sistematico per il riconoscimento microchimico dei colori minerali e successivamente sono stati indicati i metodi per il riconoscimento microchimico del rame nei colori a base di rame e del piombo nei colori a base di piombo, l'A. descrive nella presente nota i caratteri differenziali dei colori contenenti cromo ed il procedimento per riconoscere microchimicamente il cromo, nei colori che lo contengono sia sotto forma di catione (verdi di cromo) che di anione (gialli di cromo, di bario, di stronzio, di zinco).

     

Mn site substitution of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 with closed shell ions: Effect on magnetic transition temperature

Mn site is substituted with closed shell ions (Al, Ga, Ti, Zr and a certain combination of Zr and Al) and also with Fe and Ru ions carrying the magnetic moment (S=5/2 and 2 respectively) at a fixed concentration of 5 at %. Substitution did not change either the crystal symmetry or the oxygen stoichiometry. All substituents were found to suppress both the metal-insulator and ferromagnetic transition temperatures (T _p(ρ) and T _C, respectively) to varied extents. Two main contributions identified for the suppression are the lattice disorder arising due to difference in the ionic radii between the substituent (r _M) and the Mn³⁺ ion (r _Mn ³⁺) and in the case of the substituents carrying a magnetic moment, the type of magnetic coupling between the substituent and that of the neighboring Mn ion.