Synthesis of time-optimal control of a second-order nonlinear process

The time-optimal control of a soft spring is discussed. The domain of controllability and the switching locus are described. It is shown that the switching locus changes in a discontinuous manner as the nonlinearity varies continuously.This research was partially supported by the Joint Services Electronics Program, Grant No. (4711) N00014-67-A-0226 ARPA 1129, and by NASA, Grant No. NGR 15-005-021.     

Novel formulations of vitamins and insulin by nanoengineering of polyelectrolyte multilayers around microcrystals

Microcapsules loaded with vitamin K3 (VK3), biotin, or insulin were prepared by using a novel coating technology based on the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto microcrystal templates. This produced multilayered, polymeric shells of varying thickness around the crystalline cores. Dissolution of the core material (VK3 with ethanol, biotin with basic solution, and insulin with acidic solution), resulted in its release through the shells. Microelectrophoresis was employed to monitor the microcrystal coating process; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to verify multilayer coating and the formation of hollow polymer shells following removal of the microcrystal templates. The release rates of both VK3 and insulin decreased as the wall thickness (the number of polyelectrolyte layers deposited onto the microcrystal cores), increased. The release time could be varied by a factor of more than ten, depending on the number of polyelectrolyte layers applied. Following the addition of 70 mass % ethanol, the solubility of VK3 increased by as much as 170-fold, resulting in an increased rate of VK3 release. By selecting appropriate polymer materials for the shells, and by controlling the number of polyelectrolyte layers applied, shells of various thickness, stiffness, aqueous solubility, dispersibility, biocompatibility, and permeability can be constructed.     

Mikrochemie

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Mikrogaskammermethode und die Mikrosublimation als Hilfsmittel bei der Bewertung von pflanzlichen Warenproben

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The reals as full and balanced biframe

This paper is the first part of a two-part investigation. It introduces full and balanced biframes which capture useful properties of the reals viewed as a biframe (or bitopological space). The subsequent paper will apply these concepts to the study of completions of quasi-nearness biframes.We start with the smallest dense quotient for biframes. Next we discuss the reals as a biframe and introduce the key ideas of balanced, full and stable biframes. The crucial tool here is the frame pseudocomplement. We include a discussion of the relations between the newly introduced ideas and regularity. Order topology biframes are all regular, normal and balanced but not necessarily full. We consider the plane and various examples related to zero-dimensionality. We provide methods of transferring fullness and balancedness from domain to codomain and conversely under various kinds of maps.Of particular importance to our later study of completions is the idea of a biframe map whose right adjoint preserves the first and second parts of the biframe. We give a result providing sufficient conditions for a map to have a part-preserving right adjoint. We present an example of a dense onto map (which is in fact a compactification) between normal, regular biframes whose right adjoint is not part-preserving. The paper concludes with internal properties of full and balanced biframes showing the particularly close connection between the first and second parts and ends with a final visit to the biframe of reals.     

Isotope shift in molybdenum

The isotope shift in molybdenum has been studied in 16 lines of the arc and 6 lines of the spark spectrum for all stable isotopes by means of a photoelectric recording Fabry-Perot spectrometer with digital data processing. Mass shift and field shift were separated by two independent methods and were compared with the results of Hartree-Fock calculations. In the field shift large crossed-second-order effects ind ⁵ s ⁷ S and⁵ S were observed, which could be explained quantitatively by theory. The changes in mean square nuclear charge radii were evaluated from three 5s-5p transitions between different multiplets. The relativeδ〈r ² 〉 values are: [92, 94] 1; [94, 96] 0.854(3); [96, 98] 0.665(4); [98, 100] 1.003(5); [95, 97] 0.703(5);. [94, 95] 0.270(4); [96, 97] 0.119(5). The absolute values can be obtained withδ〈r ² 〉 ^{92, 94}=0.226(19)fm².