Forcing Linearity Numbers of Semisimple Modules over Integral Domains

In this paper we determine the forcing linearity numbers for semisimple modules over integral domains.     

Rapid biomass analysis

New, rapid, and inexpensive methods that monitor the chemical composition of corn stover and corn stover-derived samples are a key element to enabling the commercialization of processes that convert stover to fuels and chemicals. These new techniques combine near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and projection to latent structures (PLS) multivariate analysis to allow the compositional analysis of hundreds of samples in 1 d at a cost of about $10 each. The new NIR/PLS rapid analysis methods can also be used to support a variety of research projects that would have been too costly to pursue by traditional methods.     

Free radical-mediated vinyl amination: access to N,N-dialkyl enamines and their beta-stannyl and beta-thio derivatives

[reaction: see text] The first examples of free radical-mediated vinyl amination are described by nonconventional vinyl radical addition to azomethine nitrogen. This new vinyl amination protocol is mild and provides convenient synthetic access to nonstabilized N,N-dialkyl enamines and tandem bond-forming processes.     

Electrochemical detection of nitrate,nitrite and ammonium for on-site water quality monitoring

This review examines the most recent electrochemical developments for nitrate, nitrite and ammonium detection for on-site water monitoring. There remains a high demand for effective field-based detection of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) analytes to aid in mitigating nitrogen loading. Electrochemical approaches show increasing potential to fill this role as advancements in nanotechnology continually improve analytical performance and on-site applicability. However, translating these improvements into the field still faces the resonating challenges of reaching analytical proficiency (selectivity, sensitivity, robustness, stability), practical end-user functionality, minimal matrix interferences and cost effectiveness. Herein, we elaborate on these challenges via a critical evaluation of current studies and examine how realistic the prospects of on-site nitrate, nitrite and ammonium are. We also present recommendations in addressing these gaps to conclude the review.     

Direct kinetics study of the product‐forming channels of the reaction of isoprene‐derived hydroxyperoxy radicals with NO

A direct kinetics study of the product‐forming channels of the reaction of isoprene‐derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with NO has been performed at 100 Torr pressure and 298 K using the turbulent flow technique with high‐pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of reactants and products. For comparative purposes, a similar study was also performed for the reaction of 1‐ and 2‐butene‐derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with NO. The measured hydroxyalkylnitrate product channel branching ratios were determined to be 0.061, 0.068, and 0.070 for the 1‐butene, 2‐butene, and isoprene systems, respectively. The results are compared to previous measurements of the hydroxyalkylnitrate‐branching ratios for these systems, and the atmospheric significance of the results is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 353–361, 2007     

Synthesis of an advanced intermediate en route to the mitomycin natural products

[Structure: see text] An advanced intermediate in our planned synthesis of mitomycin C has been acquired in nine steps from tert-butyl glyoxylate. The aziridinyl pyrrolidine and quinone subunits are coupled regioselectively to arrive at an enamine that is prepared for C10 homologation.     

The <Emphasis Type="Italic">C</Emphasis><Superscript>1</Superscript> generic diffeomorphism has trivial centralizer

Answering a question of Smale, we prove that the space of C ¹ diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold contains a residual subset of diffeomorphisms whose centralizers are trivial.     

Optically addressable field effect nano-environments for chemical imaging

An optically addressable field effect device incorporating functionalized nano-environments is demonstrated for the generation of multiple response signatures of a same analyte-sensing material combination. The device can operate unsupervised and different response mechanism can be simultaneously tested and incorporated in a multidimensional response. This proof of concept explores the well-known Pd-H₂ case, while the concept is a breadboard for chemical imaging experiments.