Fenugreek mucilage as a flocculating agent for sewage treatment

The use of fenugreek mucilage, a natural polysaccharide and a direct food additive, as a flocculating agent for removal of suspended and dissolved solids from sewage effluent has been reported. A flocculation study has been done by the standard jar test method. The percent removal of suspended solid (SS) and dissolved solid (TDS) was determined by varying the polymer dose, pH and contact time. X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid waste material of mucilage and flocs (so obtained after treatment) were used to suggest the incorporation of the crystalline waste material in the mucilage. The optimal mucilage concentration was found to be 0.16 mg/l. The suitable pH range for maximum solid removal (SS and TDS) was alkaline and the time required for treatment was 1-3 h.     

Electronic structure,Compton profiles and optical properties of TaC and TaN

Isotropic Compton profiles of TaC and TaN have been measured for the first time, at an intermediate resolution, using 662 keV γ-radiation. Energy bands, density of states and Fermi surface topology of TaC and TaN have been computed using linear combination of atomic orbitals with density functional theory and full potential linearised augmented plane wave method. Both band structure calculations predict the metallic character of TaC and TaN. The electron momentum densities calculated using various approaches of density functional theory are compared with the present measurements. On the basis of Mulliken’s population, it is also seen that TaC has more covalent bonding than TaN. The optical properties computed using full potential linearised augmented plane wave method are explained in terms of intraband transitions.     

LC–MS–MS Separation and Simultaneous Determination of Tolterodine and its Active Metabolite, 5-Hydroxymethyl Tolterodine in Human Plasma

A selective, sensitive and high throughput LC–MS–MS method has been developed and validated for the chromatographic separation and quantitation of tolterodine (TOL) and its metabolite 5-hydroxymethyl TOL in human plasma. Sample clean-up concerned liquid–liquid extraction of the drug, metabolite and their respective labelled internal standards from 300 μL human plasma. Both the analytes were chromatographically separated on a Symmetry C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) analytical column using 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 5.0 ± 0.1, adjusted with formic acid) and acetonitrile (35:65, v/v) as the mobile phase with a resolution factor of 2.72. The method was validated over the concentration range of 0.025–10.0 ng mL^?1 for both analytes. The process efficiency found for TOL and its metabolite was 98.3 and 99.5%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to a pivotal bioequivalence study in 41 healthy human subjects after oral administration of a 2 mg tablet formulation under fasting conditions.     

Electronic properties and compton profiles of silver iodide

We have carried out an extensive study of electronic properties of silver iodide in β- and γ-phases. The theoretical Compton profiles, energy bands, density of states and anisotropies in momentum densities are computed using density functional theories. We have also employed full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method to derive the energy bands and the density of states. To compare our theoretical data, isotropic Compton profile measurement on γ-AgI using ¹³⁷Cs Compton spectrometer at an intermediate resolution of 0.38 a.u. has been undertaken. The theoretical anisotropies are also interpreted on the basis of energy bands.     

Structural and electrical properties of sol–gel grown (1 − x) (ZnO) + (x) (SnO2) (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5) nanocomposites

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology - Semiconducting oxide nanocomposites of ZnO/SnO2 with different weight ratio, i.e. (i) ZnO:SnO2?=?100:0 (ZnO0), (ii)...     

PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM-GRAFTED-POLYACRYLONITRILE： SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS USE FOR SOLID REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE WASTEWATER

Plantago psyllium mucilage (PSY), an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acid obtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium (Plantago family), was grafted with acrylonitrile (AN). Graft copolymers were prepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. These copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal of suspended (SS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) in sewage wastewater treatment. The effects of copolymer dose, pH and contact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test method. The suitable pH range for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2mg/L. The overall process for solid removal took 4h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of grafted copolymer, PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile (PSY-g-PAN) and solid waste, before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.