Optimality conditions are derived for a nonliear program in which a support function appears in the objective as well as in each constraint function. Wolfe and Mond-Weir type duals to this program are presented and various dualityresults are established under suitable convexity and generalized convexity assumptions. Special cases that often occur in the literature are those in which a support function is the square root of a positive semidefinite quadratic form or anLp norm. It is pointed out that these special cases can easily be generated from our results. 相似文献
The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a combinatorial optimization management problem that seeks the optimal set of routes traversed by a vehicle to deliver products to customers. A recognized problem in this domain is to serve ‘prioritized’ customers in the shortest possible time where customers with known demands are supplied by one or several depots. This problem is known as the Vehicle Routing with Prioritized Customers (VRPC). The purpose of this work is to present and compare two artificial intelligence-based novel methods that minimize the traveling distance of vehicles when moving cargo to prioritized customers. Various studies have been conducted regarding this topic; nevertheless, up to now, few studies used the Cuckoo Search-based hyper-heuristic. This paper modifies a classical mathematical model that represents the VRPC, implements and tests an evolutionary Cuckoo Search-based hyper-heuristic, and then compares the results with those of our proposed modified version of the Clarke Wright (CW) algorithm. In this modified version, the CW algorithm serves all customers per their preassigned priorities while covering the needed working hours. The results indicate that the solution selected by the Cuckoo Search-based hyper-heuristic outperformed the modified Clarke Wright algorithm while taking into consideration the customers’ priority and demands and the vehicle capacity.
Nitrite is diazotised with p-nitroaniline in hydrochloric acid and coupled with 8-quinolinol in alkaline medium to give a purple azo dye (λmax = 550 nm, ? = 3.88 × 104 l mol-1 cm-1). Extraction of the dye into 3-methyl-1-butanol shifts the absorption maximum to 570 nm and improves the apparent molar absorptivity to 5.852 × 104 l mol-1 cm-1. Beer's law is obeyed for 0.01–0.06 ppm nitrite. The Sandell sensitivity is 0.00078 μg cm-2. The method is applicable to polluted waters. 相似文献
JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - The lipophilic character of phytol derivatives has been studied using reverse-phase planar chromatographic procedures.... 相似文献
We use lookback time versus redshift data from galaxy clusters (Capozziello et al., 2004 [9]) and passively evolving galaxies (Simon et al., 2005 [62]), and apply a Bayesian prior on the total age of the Universe based on WMAP measurements, to constrain dark energy cosmological model parameters. Current lookback time data provide interesting and moderately restrictive constraints on cosmological parameters. When used jointly with current baryon acoustic peak and Type Ia supernovae apparent magnitude versus redshift data, lookback time data tighten the constraints on parameters and favor slightly smaller values of the nonrelativistic matter energy density. 相似文献
It has been demonstrated in a previous work (Opt. Commun. 233 (2004) 39-43), for a monochromatic laser beam, that imperfect collimation leads to systematic errors in the determination of the spectral bandwidth of a Gaussian beam. In this work, we demonstrate that such transverse effects could also make wrong the measurement of the coherence length of a non-monochromatic Gaussian beam. In addition, we have demonstrated that this systematic error is increased when the laser beam under study is made up of a mixing of spatial modes. 相似文献
The oxidation of phosphinic, phenylphosphinic, and phosphorous acids by N-bromoacetamide (NBA) in acid solution, results in the formation of corresponding higher oxyacids of phosphorus. The reaction is first order with respect to NBA, second order in the oxyacid and inverse first in hydrogen ions. The oxidation of deuteriated phosphorus oxyacids showed the presence of a substantial primary kinetic isotope effect. The reaction failed to induce polymerization of acrylonitrile. Added acetamide has no effect on the reaction rate. It has been shown that the ‘inactive’ tautomer of the phosphorus oxyacids, RHP(O)OH, participates in the oxidation process. A rate-determining step involving transfer of a hydride ion from the P? H bond to the oxidant has been proposed. 相似文献
The B → X (2870–3100 Å) and D → X (2250–2370 Å) band systems of 136Xe35Cl are photographed and vibrationally analyzed. A simultaneous least-squares fit of 41 band-heads in the B-X system and 35 in D-X yields, in part, the following constants (in cm?1): TeB = 32 405.8, TeD = 42 347.9, ωeB = 194.75, ωeD = 204.34, ωeX = 26.22. The ground state dissociation energy (″e) is estimated to be 281 ± 10 cm?1. Potential curves are derived for all three states through Franck-Condon calculations. From these curves the D-state internuclear distance is 0.09 ± .02 Å smaller than the B-state distance. 相似文献
[60]- and [70]Fullerenes have been shown to form 1:1 supramolecular complexes with bis[2-(5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa-tert-butyl-37,38,39,40,41-pentahydroxycalix[6]arenyl-oxy ethyl ether) (1) and 5,11,17,23,29,35-hexa-tert-butyl-37,38,40,41-tetra hydroxyl-39,42-(crown-4)calix[6]arene (2) in CHCl3 medium by electronic absorption spectroscopy. Formation constants (K) of the complexes of [60]- and [70]fullerenes with 1 and 2 have been determined at room temperature from which free energy of formation values of the complexes have been estimated. The very high formation constant value of [60]fullerene/1 complex (5900 dm3 mol-1) in indicative of formation of inclusion complex. Moreover, PM3 calculations reveal that intermolecular interaction between [60]fullerene and 1 proceeds through quite deep energy molecular orbital. 相似文献