A subdomain boundary element method for high‐Reynolds laminar flow using stream function‐vorticity formulation

The paper presents a new formulation of the integral boundary element method (BEM) using subdomain technique. A continuous approximation of the function and the function derivative in the direction normal to the boundary element (further ‘normal flux’) is introduced for solving the general form of a parabolic diffusion‐convective equation. Double nodes for normal flux approximation are used. The gradient continuity is required at the interior subdomain corners where compatibility and equilibrium interface conditions are prescribed. The obtained system matrix with more equations than unknowns is solved using the fast iterative linear least squares based solver. The robustness and stability of the developed formulation is shown on the cases of a backward‐facing step flow and a square‐driven cavity flow up to the Reynolds number value 50 000. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Tricyclic Amides. Synthesis,Structure, and Oxidation with Peroxyphthalic Acid

4-Azatricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]dec-8-ene was synthesized and brought into reactions with benzoyl, o-chlorobenzoyl, p-bromobenzoyl, p-, m-, and o-nitrobenzoyl, and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-endo-5,endo-6-dicarboximidoacetyl chlorides in chloroform in the presence of pyridine. The tricyclic amides thus obtained were epoxidated with peroxyphthalic acid prepared in situ by reaction of phthalic anhydride with a 35% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The structure of newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their NMR spectra were compared with those of previously synthesized N-arylsulfonyl-4-azatricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]dec-8-enes on the basis of conformational composition of the corresponding p-nitrophenyl-substituted derivatives, which was determined by PM3 semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations.__________Translated from Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 837–845.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by L. Kas’yan, Okovityi, Tarabara, A. Kas’yan, Bondarenko.     

Synthesis and electrochemistry of Group 6 tetracarbonyl (N,N′-bis(ferrocenylmethylene)ethylenediamine)metal(0) complexes

Thermal substitution reaction of Cr(CO)₄(η^2:2-1,5-cyclooctadiene), Mo(CO)₄(η^2:2-norbornadiene), and W(CO)₅(η²-bis(trimethylsilyl)ethyne) with N,N′-bis(ferrocenylmethylene)ethylenediamine (bfeda) yields M(CO)₄(bfeda) complexes which could be isolated from the reaction solution and characterized by elemental analysis, MS, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. In the case of tungsten, W(CO)₅(bfeda) is formed as intermediate and then undergoes the ring closure reaction yielding the ultimate product W(CO)₄(bfeda). The electrochemical behavior of the M(CO)₄(bfeda) complexes was studied by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in dichloromethane with tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate as electrolyte. Constant potential electrolysis of the complexes was performed successively at their peak potentials at 0 °C in their CH₂Cl₂ solution and the electrolysis was followed by in situ recording the electronic absorption spectra in every 5 mC. In the electrolysis of Cr(CO)₄(bfeda), the central Cr(0) is oxidized first and electrolysis continues with oxidations of two ferrocenyl groups until the end of totally three moles of electron passage per mole of complex. In the electrolysis of Mo(CO)₄(bfeda) and W(CO)₄(bfeda) the first oxidation occurs on the central atom forming a short-lived species which undergoes an intramolecular one-electron transfer and is reduced back to M(0) while one of the ferrocene units is oxidized to the ferrocenium cation at the same time. This indicates that the electron is transferred from iron to the central metal atom.     

Analysis of Azithromycin in Human Plasma by LC–MS–MS

A simple sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the quantification of azithromycin in human plasma. Roxithromycin was used as the internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed on a SunFire C18, 50 mm × 2.1, 3.5 μm column at 30 °C with mobile phase consisted of 1.54 g ammonium acetate, 250 mL water, 570 mL acetonitrile, 180 mL methanol and 0.6 mL glacial acetic acid. Flow rate was 0.2 mL min⁻¹. The work-up procedure involved a liquid–liquid extraction of the compounds. Mass spectrometric data were acquired in single ion monitoring. MRM mode of the ions 749.58 > 591.6 and 837.64 > 158.2 for azithromycin and roxithromycin, respectively. The method was validated in the concentration range of 2–1,000 ng mL⁻¹. Absolute recovery of azithromycin was 81.97%. Retention time for azithromycin was 0.9 and 1.1 min for roxithromycin. The run time was 2 min. This method was found suitable to analyse human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, bioavailability/bioequivalance studies.

     

Über komplexe Fällungserscheinungen der Silberphosphat-Sole in statu nascendi

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Fällungssysteme Silbernitrat-Alkaliphosphat und Silbernitrat-Alkaliphosphat-Kaliumbromid tyndallometrisch untersucht, wobei festgestellt wurde, daß sich in dem Fällungssystem AgNO₃-Na₃PO₄ zwei Maxima bilden: das Silberoxyd- und das Silberphosphat-Maximum, während beim Zusatz von KBr noch ein weiteres Silberbromid-Maximum entsteht. Der Einfluß zugesetzter Salpetersäure wurde systematisch geprüft und die betreffenden p_H-Werte mittels der Glaselektrode bestimmt. Das Silberphosphat-Maximum wird immer bei ungefähr demselben p_H-Wert gebildet. In der Diskussion ist der Charakter der Maxima besprochen. Unter Anwendung kleiner Mengen von Gelatine konnte festgestellt werden, daß das Silberphosphat-Maximum ein Kristallisationsmaximum, während das Silberbromid ein Koagulationsmaximum ist.     

Preparation and photolysis of poly-p-methoxyacrylophenone and its copolymers with styrene and methyl methacrylate

Poly-p-methoxyacrylophenone (PPMeOAP) and its copolymers with styrene (PMe-OAP–S) and with methyl methacrylate (PMeOAP–MMA) were prepared. The photolysis in solution with 313 and 366 nm radiation was followed viscometrically. In solvents such as chlorobenzene and ethyl benzoate, random main-chain scission from n–π^* excited triplet state occurs. The lowest excited triplet state in formic acid and in ethylene chlorhydrin is of the character π–π^*, from which no main-chain scission occurs. In solvents in which destruction occurs, the main-chain scission is retarded by triplet quenchers, such as naphthalene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, and biphenyl. Quenching experiments indicate that the lifetime for the excited triplet state of PPMeOAP is 25 times that for polyacrylophenone. In PMeOAP–MMA copolymers, quantum yields of main-chain scissions were lower and lifetimes of excited triplets were longer than in PPMeOAP, due to hindered intramolecular photoreaction.     

辐射在CH泡沫中传输的数值模拟

利用一维多群辐射输运程序对辐射在CH泡沫中的传输过程进行了数值模拟,给出一些细致的物理图像和定量结果。在一定的入射辐射流条件下,密度变化对辐射传输特征、辐射加热介质的热力学平衡弛豫过程有重要影响。随着密度下降,辐射由亚声速传输转变为超声速传输,辐射在传输过程中的能谱形状也不同。     

强激光远场焦斑重构算法研究

通过CCD图像采集单元结合传统的列阵相机测量高功率固体激光器的远场焦斑分布,采用图像处理技术的边缘算子提取焦斑的几何中心,提出通过几何中心对心的焦斑嵌套重构算法,解决了光斑饱和时的对心难题,实现了快捷准确测量激光焦斑,为激光器的实时控制提供参考数据。     

PID调节器在氧碘化学激光器谐振腔调腔中的应用

通过对由比例（P）、积分（I）和微分（D）三个单元组成的PID调节器基本原理的介绍,指出合理设定PID调节器的参数是消除扰动的影响并实现腔镜快速、准确而稳定地移动的关键。实验结果表明,在调腔过程中应用PID技术,提高了静态时谐振腔各腔镜的同心度,而且在一定程度上保证了出光过程中谐振腔内各个腔镜的同心度,使得减小远场光斑的漂移和变形成为可能。     

DF/HF化学激光器HYLTE喷管的副喷管质量流量系数

对DF/HF化学激光器HYLTE喷管的副喷管质量流量进行了数值和理论计算,得出入口滞止压力在0.01~0.4MPa之间、喉道半高度在0.1~0.9mm之间的喷管的氘气,氢气和氦气质量流量系数,总结出质量流量系数随入口滞止压力和喉道高度的变化规律,并给出拟合公式,为副喷管的设计提供依据。