药用甘草一年生根下胚轴根茎比较形态学的研究

本文就药用甘草一年生根,下胚轴根茎的形态结构进行了比较研究。根园柱形,周皮黄棕色或暗棕色,有规则的纵沟纹及横生皮孔。平整切断面纤维性,浅黄色形成层环明显,射线放射状,中心淡黄色。根茎外形与根相似,自地上茎基部侧生出1—2条,表面具芽痕。根初生结构属于“四原型”,次生结构与一般双子叶植物根相同。其区别根增粗主要由于次生维管束,射线、轫皮射线,木射线增多,特别是射线,轫皮射线,木射线细胞显著增大的结果。根中心为射线,木射线伸入薄壁细胞所充满。我们首次发现根由下胚轴主根组成,根茎具有茎的结构特征。     

Assay of 44 compounds in the cortex and xylem from roots and branches of Ginkgo biloba L. by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis

The leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. have received much attention, whereas there has been little systematic analysis of the cortex and xylem from roots and branches. A comprehensive evaluation of the 44 compounds in the cortex and xylem would thus be of value to fully understand the potential medicinal properties of roots and branches. An assay of amino acids, terpene lactones, flavones, and phenolic acids was accomplished using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. All of the calibration curves showed good linear regression (R² > 0.9902) within the tested ranges. The intra‐ and interday precision was less than 4.9% and the accuracy was within ±6.8%. The amount of terpene lactones in the cortex was 1.75–2.07‐fold higher than that in the leaves. The amount of glutamine (360 μg/g) in the taproot xylem was 2.64‐fold higher than that in the leaves (136 μg/g). Principal component analysis decreased in the order leaves > taproot cortex > rootlet > laterals cortex > branch cortex > stem cortex > taproot xylem > branch xylem > laterals xylem > stem xylem. The taproot of G. biloba might provide a supplementary source of terpene lactones, especially ginkgolide A and C, and of glutamine.     

Root and xylem ABA changes in response to soil drying in two woody plants

Two woody plants, Platycladus orientalise (tolerant to drought) and Acacia auriculi-formis (sensitive to drought), have been subjected to rapid and slow soil drying. ABA levels in their roots and xylem sap have been determined using radioimmunoassay (RIA, sensitivity is 0.4 pmol per assay vial) with a monoclonal antibody against ( + )-ABA. ABA contents of P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis growing in well watered soil are 0.3 and 2.5 nmol·gDW-1 in roots and 1.6 and 0.4 μmol in xylem saps, respectively. A rapid soil drying has been applied to these two plants with soil water content (SWC) being reduced to 0.02 and 0.06 g·gDW-1 respectively. Under such treatment, ABA was increased by 22 times and 2 times in roots and by 7 times and 34 times in xylem saps respectively for P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis. After rewatering for 6 d, ABA in roots and xylem sap of both species returned to control levels. When a slow soil drying was applied, SWC was reduced to 0.1 and 0.13 g·gDW-1 respectively for P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis. ABA was increased by 5 times and 1.6 times in roots and by 6 times and 19 times in xylem saps respectively for these two plants. ABA in roots and xylem saps decreased to near control levels 8 d after watering. Plant leaf water potentials of both plants hardly changed at times when root and xylem ABA showed substantial increase in response to soil drying. It is concluded that ABA levels in the roots and xylem saps of P. orientalise and A. auriculiformis are more sensitively regulated than leaf water potential in response to soil drying and can act as a chemical signal in root-shoot communications of the drought stress.     

应用树脂铸型法研究木质部导管的内部结构

将树脂铸型法（ｒｅｓｉｎ ｃａｓｔｉｎｇ ｍｅｔｈｏｄ）用于藤本和灌木共五种植物导管的内部结构研究。干燥的小木块用苯乙烯包埋,完全聚合后,用过氧化氢／冰醋酸（１：１）溶液和浓硫酸溶液交替处理,完全去除细胞壁成分,得到的导管树脂铸型在扫描电子显微镜下观察,能清晰,精确的反映出纹孔道,纹孔室,螺纹加厚,导管分子端壁及尾等三维立体结构特征。     

白木香[Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.)Gilg]的木质部结构及组织化学研究

利用离析技术、显微观察和组织化学鉴定等方法,对白木香的木质部结构及组织化学进行了研究。结果表明,木质部由5部分组成:髓心、内涵韧皮部、木射线、导管、纤维管胞。内涵韧皮部呈多孔型均匀分布;木射线单列(双列少见)异型Ⅲ;管孔排列为径向管孔团、复管孔、管孔链和单管孔;导管侧壁有互列纹孔式和附物纹孔;纤维管胞侧壁有单斜附物纹孔;径列条及栓塞首次在白木香中发现;进一步证实淀粉、还原性糖和挥发性成分在不同年龄的木质部里含量及储存部位存在差异。本研究为沉香的形成提供基本的解剖学证据。     

Responses of woody plant root and xylem sap ATP to soil drying

The ATP in roots and xylem sap of two woody plant species, Platycladus orientalis and Acacia auriculiformis, subjected to rapid and slow soil drying has been determined employing firefly luciferase ATP assay method (sensitivity is at 10-12 mol ATP L-1). The ATP levels in the two species were 1.6 nmol·gDW-1 and 0.6 nmol·gDW-1 in roots, and 5.6 μmol·m-3 and 8 μmol ·m-3 in xylem sap, respectively. When plants of P. orientalis and A. auriculiformis were subjected to rapid soil drying, respectively, as soil water content (SWC) decreased from the normal level ( 0. 25 g ·gDW-1) to 0. 02 and 0. 06 g ·gDW-1, separately, plant water potential ( ) dropped to -4 and -3.2 MPa, differently, the ATP in roots decreased 99.7% and 42%, respectively . When the rapidly dried soil was watered for up to 6 d, SWC and were found to recover to their normal levels, but ATP content in roots of P. orientalis and A. auriculiformis recovered by 10% and 23%, respectively. When plants of P. orientalis and A. auriculiformis were subjected to slow soil drying, respectively, as SWC was found to decrease from the normal level to 0.1 and 0.13 g·gDW-1, separately, dropped to - 2.5 and - 2 MPa, differently, the ATP content in roots decreased 98% and 38%, respectively. When the slowly dried soil was watered for up to 8 d, ATP levels in roots of P. orientalis and A, auriculiformis recovered by 30% and 24%, respectively. However, ATP concentrations in xylem sap were not directly influenced by either SWC or . The plot dots of xylem sap ATP concentration versus root ATP content were found to be distributed diagonally. It is concluded that ATP in roots is more sensitive in response to SWC changes than that to and root-sourced ATP is a source of that in xylem sap. When plants are subjected to slow soil drying, the ATP levels in both root and xylem sap are higher than that to rapid soil drying.     

华中五味子根、茎次生木质部的比较解剖

对华中五味子根、茎次生木质部的观察表明,其根、茎次生木质部的解剖特征基本相同:散孔材;导管分子相对较长,其末端略倾斜,单穿孔;侧壁纹孔类型为梯状具缘纹孔和单纹孔,梯状、对列或互列;仅具纤维管胞,无韧型纤维;木薄壁组织离管型和傍管型;木射线均存在异形Ⅱ型.华中五味子次生木质部既表现出明显的原始特征,如散孔材,导管分子相对较长,单孔率高,梯状具缘纹孔,仅具纤维管胞,无韧型纤维,木射线为异形Ⅱ型;同时又表现出一些较为进化的特征,如导管分子以单穿孔为主,端壁倾斜度较小,单纹孔,木薄壁组织傍管型,说明五味子科是最原始类群中进化程度较高的类群.与根相比,华中五味子茎的次生木质部导管短宽,导管分布频率大,单孔率高,纤维短而窄,射线短而窄.茎次生木质部的这种“小型化”与其特定的功能和生境相适应.