Turbidity of pulpy fruit juice: A key factor for predicting cross-flow microfiltration performance

To determine the technical and economic feasibility of cross-flow microfiltration on an industrial scale, the expected decline of permeation flux must be predicted taking into account the variability of juice's fouling potential. However, the main difficulty is finding representative parameters. Two semi-empirical models – gel polarisation and mechanistic – were used to fit experimental permeation flows using initial juice turbidity as surrogate for the volumetric concentration of particles in the feed juice. The experimental data of different banana, pineapple, and blackberry juices fitted well in both models. Although the mechanistic model more accurately estimated the permeation flux density, for practical application, the simpler polarisation model was preferred. Because this method uses a factor (i.e. turbidity) that reflects juice's fouling potential, it allows the optimisation of processing parameters and the prediction of permeation flux range in real industrial conditions.     

Highly improved electrocatalytic behavior of sulfite at carbon ionic liquid electrode: application to the analysis of some real samples

The electrocatalytic oxidation of sulfite was investigated at carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE). This electrode is a very good alternative to previously described electrodes because the electrocatalytic effect is achieved without any electrode modification. Comparative experiments were carried out using carbon paste electrode (CPE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). At CILE, highly reproducible and well-defined cyclic voltammograms were obtained for sulfite with a peak potential of 0.55 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Sulfite oxidation at CILE does not result in deactivation of the electrode surface. The kinetic parameters for this irreversible heterogeneous electron transfer process were determined. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak current response increased linearly with sulfite concentration over the range of 6-1000 μM. The detection limit of the method was 4 μM. The method was applied to the determination of sulfite in mineral water, grape juice and non-alcoholic beer samples.     

增广独立成分分析用于果汁饮料中防腐剂的快速测定

采用正交设计法配制16组包含苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯钠3种防腐剂水性混合样品,分别测其紫外-可见(UV)光谱.果汁样品通过离心,取上清溶液,稀释一定的倍数测定其UV光谱.将果汁样品紫外光谱数据与模拟水样光谱融合得到增广光谱矩阵,采用独立成分分析(ICA)提取增广光谱矩阵中独立组分(IC)的浓度轮廓,将实际样品中3种防腐剂以外的其他成分作为背景加以扣除,以模拟标准样品3种防腐剂对应的浓度轮廓回归分析得到3种防腐剂测定的独立成分回归(ICR)模型,实际样品中防腐剂的IC值代入ICR模型预测得到相应防腐剂含量.将浓度IC轮廓进行最小二乘回归分析得到与其对应的光谱轮廓,可用作防腐剂与作为其他成分的背景信号的定性分析.方法用于市售某柠檬饮料中防腐剂测试分析,ICR模型的线性相关系数(R)均在0.99以上,测定结果与采用高效液相色谱法相当.     

Intensified removal of copper from waste water using activated watermelon based biosorbent in the presence of ultrasound

Copper is one of the most toxic heavy metals having significant effects on the living organisms and hence effective removal of copper from waste water is crucial. The current work investigates the application of activated watermelon shell based biosorbent for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. The effect of activation using calcium hydroxide and citric acid as well as the effect of operating parameters like contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, pH, initial concentration and ultrasonic power on the extent of removal has been investigated. Experiments performed in the presence of ultrasound to investigate the degree of intensification as compared to the conventional agitation based treatment revealed that the adsorption rate significantly increases in the presence of ultrasound and also the time required for reaching the equilibrium reduces from 60 min in conventional approach to only 20 min in the presence of ultrasound. The extent of adsorption of Cu(II) on adsorbents was found to increase with an increase in the operating pH till an optimum value of 5. The extent of adsorption also increased with a decrease in the initial concentration and particle size as well as with an increase in ultrasonic power till an optimum. Kinetics and isotherm study revealed that all the experimental data was found to best fit the pseudo second order kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model respectively. Maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 31.25 mg/g for watermelon treated with calcium hydroxide and 27.027 mg/g for watermelon treated with citric acid. Overall present study established that activated watermelon is an environmentally friendly, low cost and highly efficient biosorbent that can be successfully applied for the removal of copper from aqueous solution with intensification benefits based on the ultrasound assisted approach.     

生物样品中速可眠及代谢产物的分析

应用气相色谱／质谱（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）法对一例速可眠中毒病人生物样品进行分析鉴定。样品经酸化、乙醚提取,然后于ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析,在患者胃内容物和血中检出速可眠,在眼药３３ｈ尿内可检出速可眠原型药物以及四个代谢产物。并用外标法对生物样品中速可眠进行定量测定,对临床救治起到了积极作用。     

猕猴桃果汁饮料生产相关工艺研究

介绍了猕猴桃果汁饮料的生产工艺 ,比较了不同榨汁方法的出汁率与提汁速度 ,探讨了提高猕猴桃果汁饮料稳定性 ,保护Vc和色泽和工艺和方法     

天然汁对绞股蓝愈伤组织增殖的效应

以５种天然汁代替激素２,４－Ｄ、ｋｔ对绞股蓝愈伤组织增殖效庆进行研究,结果表明：所用５种天然汁以玉米汁的效应最佳,最佳浓度为７．５ｍＬ．Ｌ＾－１,其次是荸荠 汁,最佳浓度为１０．０ｍＬ．Ｌ６－１。     

应用果胶酶液化技术提高山楂浸出率

实验确定了酶作用的最适条件,加酶量３０１１．Ｕ／ｇ、加水量２００％、ｐＨ４．２、酶解时间３．５ｈ、酶解温度３８℃,可使山楂浸出率高达７０％。     

Photoautotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Accumulating Microalgae Consortia Selected under Nitrogen and Phosphate Limitation

Microalgae consortia were photoautotrophically cultivated in sequencing batch photobioreactors (SBPRs) with an alteration of the normal growth and starvation (nutrient limitation) phases to select consortia capable of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation. At the steady state of SBPR operation, the obtained microalgae consortia, selected under nitrogen and phosphate limitation, accumulated up to 11.38% and 10.24% of PHA in their biomass, which was identified as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB). Photoautotrophic and mixotrophic batch cultivation of the selected microalgae consortia was conducted to investigate the potential of biomass and PHA production. Sugar source supplementation enhanced the biomass and PHA production, with the highest PHA contents of 10.94 and 6.2%, and cumulative PHA productions of 100 and 130 mg/L, with this being achieved with sugarcane juice under nitrogen and phosphate limitation, respectively. The analysis of other macromolecules during batch cultivation indicated a high content of carbohydrates and lipids under nitrogen limitation, while higher protein contents were detected under phosphate limitation. These results recommended the selected microalgae consortia as potential tools for PHA and bioresource production. The mixed-culture non-sterile cultivation system developed in this study provides valuable information for large-scale microalgal PHA production process development following the biorefinery concept.     

Manothermosonication (MTS) treatment of apple-carrot juice blend for inactivation of Escherichia coli 0157:H7

This study was performed to evaluate the responses of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 inoculated in an apple-carrot blended juice to manothermosonication (MTS) treatments. The MTS treatments were conducted in a continuous-flow MTS system. The juice samples were exposed to ultrasound treatment at combinations of three temperatures (60, 50 and 40 °C) and three pressure levels (100, 200, and 300 kPa) for five residence times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 s). The results showed that higher treatment temperature (i.e. 60 °C) and hydrostatic pressure in the MTS system significantly enhanced the microbial reduction. A FDA mandated 5-log CFU/ml reduction of E. coli 0157:H7 for juice processing was achieved in 30 s for MTS treatment at 60 °C, in comparison to 60 s at 50 °C. The Weilbull and Log-logistic models provided the best fitting of the inactivation data for the MTS treatments. Extensive damage of E. coli 0157:H7 cells treated with MTS was observed on micro-images of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.