实施“绿色包装工程”的系统研究(续)

４　实施“绿色包装工程”的主要对策４－１　大力推行包装减量化　节省资源　减少污染减量化也称为省资源化技术。包装减量化是欧洲首先提出,解决包装与环境问题,减少包装废弃物的“３Ｒ”原则（Ｒｅｄｕｃｅ、Ｒｅｕｓｅ、Ｒｅｃｙｃｌｅ）中的首选原则。包装减量化应从包装设计和包装材料选用着手,采取如下措施：（１）开发和推行适度包装。过分包装不仅浪费材料和资源,而且丢弃后成为垃圾,增加了环保的负荷量。因此,一贯重视包装的日本,在前一个时期已经通过舆论界大肆宣传来提倡适度包装,减少过分包装。并提出在一般情况下,包…     

Hexavalent Chromium Adsorption from Aqueous Solution by Agricultural Waste Materials

Abilities of agricultural waste materials (walnut shell-WS, rice husk-RH, and peanut hull-PH) were tested as adsorbents for the adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the adsorption kinetics mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) effect of adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and temperature. The best results are obtained at 15g/L adsorbent concentration, 60min contact time, 298K temperature, and 50mg/L adsorbate initial concentration at pH 2. The adsorption isotherms, using initial concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) between 10 and 500mg/L for the Cr(Ⅵ) removal, show the maximum metal uptake capacities of adsorbent were 10.48, 6.71, and 8.54mg/g for WS, RH, and PH, respectively. And the adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm for WS, RH, and PH with correlation coefficients of 0.9862, 0.9723, and 0.9714, respectively. Moreover, the FTIR analysis of WS, RH, and PH before and after adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) suggested that Cr ions were combined to some functional groups of compounds contained in these materials.     

Enhancing Phosphorous Recovery in a Novel Biofilter System

Developing new techniques to remove and recover phosphorous simultaneously from wastewaters is very important for sustainable utilization of phosphorous resource and prevention of eutrophication. The feasibility of phosphorus bioaccumulation in a novel continuous alternating anaerobic /aerobic biofilter and benefits of such accumulation for its further recovery as magnesium ammonia phosphate （MAP） were studied. The system was operated for seven months and employed the atomic absorption spectrophotometer （AAS） method to analyze the distribution change of magnesium and calcium with phosphate in the biofilter during that period. The benefits of utilizing the biofilter system to accumulate phosphorous ＆ magnesium and suppress calcium simultaneously to phosphorous recovery as MAP were explained with the aid of chemical equilibrium models. The improved phosphorus recovery from 42% to 82% was approved in the recovery experiments and the recovery products mainly as MAP were evidenced and characterized with scanning electron microscopy （SEM） . The study provides references for designing and operating the novel alternating anaerobic /aerobic biofilter for phosphorus bioaccumulation and recovery.     

钨、钼、钒氧化物直接合金化生产M2高速钢

论述了采用白钨矿、氧化钼和五氧化二钒代替钨铁、钼铁和钒铁冶炼W6Mo5Cr4V2 (M2 )高速工具钢的理论依据和可行性 ,介绍了冶炼工艺技术条件 ,产品性能测试和效益分析等方面的内容。实验表明 ,在中频感应炉上采用白钨矿、氧化钼和五氧化二钒直接还原合金化生产M2高速钢的新工艺顺行 ,产品化学成分合格。合金元素回收率高 ,其中 ηw97.0 8%、ηMo96 .5 1%、ηv93.79%。M2钢质量优良 ,HRC高达 6 2 .2 ,冲击韧性αk>4 9kJ cm2 ,夹杂评为 0 .5级 ,显微组织均匀、致密。而且具有显著的经济效益和社会效益 ,新工艺可以在生产中推广应用。     

风化煤粒状净水剂在印染废水处理中的应用（Ⅱ）

系统地测定了风化煤粒状净水剂对常用的活性染料、分散染料、直接染料、士林染料、硫化染料、纳夫妥六大类染料废水的吸附脱色率及最佳吸收 波长,证实了该净水剂对各种染料 的脱色率均可达８０％以上。并进上步探讨了其吸附动力学特征,为实现ＨＡ净水剂的工业化应用奠定了基础。     

基于超声检测的废弃纤维再生混凝土弹性模量试验研究

为研究长期持荷损伤后再生骨料取代率和废弃纤维掺入对再生混凝土弹性模量的影响规律,制备了再生骨料取代率为0、50%、100%,废弃纤维体积掺入量为0.08%的废弃纤维再生混凝土试件,进行了混凝土标准弹性模量试验和超声波无损检测试验。结果表明：弹性模量与超声波速呈线性正相关,在宏观尺度上表现为抵抗弹性变形的能力减小,在细观尺度上表现为混凝土和再生混凝土中界面强度降低。纤维的桥接作用可以阻断微裂缝的开展抑制废弃纤维再生混凝土内部损伤的演化,从而提高了再生混凝土的弹性模量。超声波速随着应力水平和时间的增加而减小。采用中国、美国、欧洲规范计算废弃纤维再生混凝土弹性模量,中国规范《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB 50010—2010)和欧洲规范《混凝土结构设计》(BS EN 1992-1-1—2004)计算值与超声检测值相差0.9%～8.4%和0.3%～12%,超声波无损检测法可进行长期损伤后的再生混凝土和废弃纤维再生混凝土弹性模量的定量分析。     

利用废聚苯乙烯塑料制备专用材料的研究进展

简单介绍了废旧聚苯乙烯塑料回收利用的方法;讨论了利用废聚苯乙烯塑料制备防水涂料、防锈涂料、膨胀型阻燃涂料等专用涂料,制备乳液型粘合剂、涂料,以及制备高分子阻燃剂、减水剂、聚苯乙烯磺酸和絮凝剂、阻垢剂、对硝基苯甲酸的技术;指出了利用废旧聚苯乙烯塑料制备乳液型粘合剂、涂料和专用材料是其再生资源化技术的发展方向。     

DCS控制系统在硫磺回收项目中的应用及控制方案组态

介绍DCS控制系统在锦州石化公司硫磺回收项目中的具体应用情况,系统整体结构采用DCS控制系统中的JX-300XP控制系统,给出系统复杂控制方案及组态程序.经过多次试验,DCS控制系统能够长期稳定运行,同时还能够满足一系列的复杂控制,效果令人满意,生产率大大提高.     

Fast-cycle trace analysis of dioxin in flue gas. Monitoring of the incineration of dioxin-containing waste from seveso

The fast trace analysis method used to monitor 2,3,7,8-TCDD in stack gas during the incineration of the waste from Seveso is described. The sampling of volatile organic compounds from flue gases, distributed between all three aggregation states, is based on a micromethod developed for the trace analysis of water using a specially dimensioned adsorptive charcoal filter (1.5 mg charcoal). In conjunction with subsequent GC/MS measurements the rapid “fast cycle trace analysis” ensured specific 2,3,7,8-TCDD detection down to 100 pg per m³ flue gas in cycle times of about 1–2 hours.     

蒸汽辅助涡轮对增压汽油机瞬态响应特性影响的模拟

为改善废气涡轮增压汽油机加速工况时的瞬态响应特性,提出了蒸汽辅助涡轮增压的方法.基于一款废气涡轮增压汽油机,采用GT-Power软件分别建立并标定了蒸汽辅助涡轮增压与废气涡轮增压的仿真模型.针对该汽油机的常用转速2000r/min,研究了各种蒸汽参数对增压系统及汽油机性能的影响.结果表明,在2000r/min时的加速工况,蒸汽辅助涡轮能使汽油机加速迟滞时间缩短48.0%,加速扭矩提升9.7%.因此,蒸汽辅助涡轮能有效改善增压汽油机的加速性和动力性.