Characteristics of major dioxin/furan congeners in melted slag of ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in slag of fly ash from three municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators were analyzed to observe any changes in characteristics and distribution of their congeners by melting process. Actual concentration and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) concentration profiles of 17 major congeners of PCDDs/PCDFs for gas, fly ash and melted slag were compared. The distributions of PCDDs/PCDFs in different streams macroscopically showed similarities with the generally known profiles for emission gas from a municipal waste incinerator. The total concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in off-gas and fly ash have been known to be a function of incineration conditions and of air pollution control device utilization; however, their normalized distributions were independent of such conditions. The concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in the melted slag of fly ash were not related to the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs congeners in fly ash but were rather a function of the melting furnace type and operation. The total amount of PCDDs/PCDFs in the melted slag of fly ash contained almost 150–27,000 times less dioxin than that in fly ash, however, the TEQ of dioxin in the slag was reduced by 435–43,500 times, which could enable them to be utilized as recycled construction materials. In normalized TEQ concentration profiles of 17 congeners of PCDDs/PCDFs, the ratio of PCDFs to PCDDs changed from 1.32 to 2.19 by melting, which showed relatively higher portion of furans left in melted slag than those in fly ash. By comparing reduction ratios of different congeners, PCDDs (dioxins) were relatively easier to destruct than PCDFs (furans) during melting process. The most difficult congener to destruct could be octa-chlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) among major congeners. For slag cooling methods, dioxin concentration in TEQ of slow cooled slag by air was four times higher than that of fast cooled slag by water. Thus cooling by water is more appropriate with the added beneficial effect of producing granules/particles, which can be utilized as roadbed materials.     

The Use of Thermogravimetry in the Study of Rubber Devulcanization

Thermogravimetry was employed to study the changes occurring in rubber vulcanizates during devulcanization carried out by microwave treatment, a new promising method of recycling rubber waste. The thermogravimetric parameters T _i , T ₅ and T _p and the compositions of devulcanizates in comparison with vulcanizates were determined. The results obtained allowed estimation of the degree of destruction of the polymer chains in response to microwave treatment and permitted establishment of the most advantageous conditions of devulcanization in order to obtain the best properties of rubber devulcanizates for reuse in rubber processing. The results demonstrated that thermogravimetry is a very useful method for investigation and control of the microwave devulcanization process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Formation enthalpies of rare earth titanate pyrochlores

High-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction data were used to investigate the structure (Fd3m; Z=8) and energetics of a series of RE₂Ti₂O₇ (RE=Sm-Lu) compounds with the pyrochlore structure as well as La₂Ti₂O₇ with a layered perovskite-type structure. All of the RE-titanates were found to be stable in enthalpy with respect to their oxides. In the pyrochlore series, Lu₂Ti₂O₇ was least stable in enthalpy (ΔHf-ox at 298 K=−56.0±4.0 kJ/mol); the most stable materials were Gd-, Eu-, and Sm₂Ti₂O₇ with ΔHf-ox at 298 K=−113.4±2.7, −106.1±4.2, −115.4±4.2 kJ/mol, respectively. In general, as the radius ratio of the A- to B-site cations, R_A/R_B, decreases, the pyrochlore structure becomes less stable. The trend of ionic radius of the RE³⁺ cation vs. ΔHf-ox at 298 K is non-linear and approximately parallels the increasing “resistance” to ion-beam-induced amorphization as R_A/R_B decreases.     

Fast-cycle trace analysis of dioxin in flue gas. Monitoring of the incineration of dioxin-containing waste from seveso

The fast trace analysis method used to monitor 2,3,7,8-TCDD in stack gas during the incineration of the waste from Seveso is described. The sampling of volatile organic compounds from flue gases, distributed between all three aggregation states, is based on a micromethod developed for the trace analysis of water using a specially dimensioned adsorptive charcoal filter (1.5 mg charcoal). In conjunction with subsequent GC/MS measurements the rapid “fast cycle trace analysis” ensured specific 2,3,7,8-TCDD detection down to 100 pg per m³ flue gas in cycle times of about 1–2 hours.     

电凝聚法脱除高浓度印染废水CODcr研究

在不同pH值、板间距、电流强度、通电时间、电流密度、投加食盐量的条件下，研究电凝聚法对高浓度染料废水CODcr去除效果，得到了亲水性的高浓度染料活性艳红X-3B染料液CODc，去除的最佳反应条件，为电凝聚法处理染料水的工业化实施提供了有益的参考。     

生物法净化低浓度甲醛废气实验研究初探

实验主要通过筛选和培育适合于净化甲醛废气的微生物菌种对生物膜填料塔接种挂膜，用生物膜填料塔来考察不同的进口浓度和不同的液体喷淋量下生物法对甲醛废气净化效果，实验结果表明：生物法净化低浓度甲醛废气可行，而且净化效果较好。     

活性污泥吸附重金属离子的研究

城市污水处理会产生大量的污泥,我国城市污水中,由于重金属含量过高,影响了其农业中的综合利用.本研究旨在探索污水处理过程中剩余活性污泥对水中重金属吸附的影响.     

电解-UASB-渗滤法处理印染废水

采用电解-生物厌氧(UASB)-渗滤联用方法处理湖蓝-5B染料．通过电化学降解可提高可生化性，通过UASB反应器可使大部分有机物降解，控制污水进塔的流速、反应温度来研究不同条件下厌氧生物反应器对印染废水的处理效果，最后经过渗滤系统可使脱色率达到100％，CODCr去除率达到98％．     

矩形排列的优化算法

研究了矩形排列的问题，提出了一种矩形排列问题的新方法。并在此基础上建立了实现该方法相应的优化算法。     

重庆市三峡库区医疗垃圾现状及无害化处理分析

医疗垃圾属于一类危险废物，必须进行无害化处理。文章论述了医疗垃圾的特性和危害性，对重庆市三峡库区目前医疗垃圾管理和处理的现状进行了分析，针对其特点，提出对三峡库区医疗垃圾有效的管理措施和进行分区集中处理，具体分析了医疗垃圾处理技术方案：分类收集、密闭运输、预处理、焚烧、完全填埋等。通过无害化处理后，杜绝医疗垃圾对环境的污染，以保护三峡库区生态环境和水资源。