单形内任一点的一个含参不等式

本文证明了与ｎ维单形内部任意一点有关的一个含参数不等式,并应用它得到了几个与ｎ维单形体积有关的不等式。     

Natural convection in a square cavity containing a nanofluid and an adiabatic square block at the center

The problem of free convection fluid flow and heat transfer of Cu–water nanofluid inside a square cavity having adiabatic square bodies at its center has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been discretized using the finite volume method. The SIMPLER algorithm was employed to couple velocity and pressure fields. Using the developed code, a parametric study was conducted and the effects of pertinent parameters such as Rayleigh number, size of the adiabatic square body, and volume fraction of the Cu nanoparticles on the fluid flow and thermal fields and heat transfer inside the cavity were investigated. The obtained results show that for all Rayleigh numbers with the exception of Ra = 10⁴ the average Nusselt number increases with increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles. At Ra = 10⁴ the average Nusselt number is a decreasing function of the nanoparticles volume fraction. Moreover at low Rayleigh numbers (10³ and 10⁴) the rate of heat transfer decreases when the size of the adiabatic square body increases while at high Rayleigh numbers (10⁵ and 10⁶) it increases.     

Study of relaxation processes in polyethylene and polystyrene by positron annihilation

Relaxation processes in polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were studied by positron annihilation technique. For PE, above the glass transition temperature, T_g, the size of free volumes and its concentration were increased by the micro-Brownian motion of molecules. For PS, local motions of molecules in backbone chains were found to start above 260 K. However, these local motions were suppressed by an interphenyl correlation. For both PE and PS, below 250–260 K, the formation probability of positronium atoms increased with decreasing temperature. This fact was assigned to the freezing in of the local motions of molecules. For PS, an onset of the local motions of molecules was observed above 100 K. These motions were expected to be associated with liberation of phenyl groups. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Refractive Indices, Densities and Excess Molar Volumes of Monoalcohols + Water

The refractive index, n _D , and density, ρ, of binary mixtures of monoalcohols + water, have been measured at a temperature of 298.15,K and atmospheric pressure. The variation of the refractive indices of these solutions has also been determined with temperature in the range T = (278.15 to 338.15) K and atmospheric pressure. A comparative study has been made of the refractive indices obtained experimentally and those calculated by means of the Lorentz-Lorenz [Theory of Electrons, Dover Phoenix (1952)] and Gladstone-Dale relations [Trans. R. Soc. London 148:887–902 (1858)]; in all cases, the Gladstone–Dale equation was seen to afford values similar to those obtained experimentally. Calculations have been made of the excess molar volumes, V ^E, and the molar refraction deviations, ΔR, of these mixtures and the differences between the experimental values for refractive index and those obtained by means of the Gladstone–Dale equation. Values of V ^E were compared with others in the literature. In all cases the V ^E values were negative, and in all cases, except in the methanol + water, ΔR showed a maximum for x = 0.8.     

New method for the determination of adsorption space volume for sorbents with an arbitrary porous structure from excess gas adsorption isotherm measurements

A new method for the determination of adsorption space volume has been proposed, which is applicable to adsorbents with an arbitrary porous structure, including nonporous adsorbents with open surfaces. The method is based on the use of an experimental excess adsorption isotherm measured over a wide range of pressures in the equilibrium gaseous phase (as a rule up to 100–150 MPa) and the absolute adsorption isotherm equation with unspecified parameters in the most general form, given by statistical physics. The method has been tested for a number of adsorption systems, and it has been found that the result was always unambiguous, correct, and stable in the sense of input data.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2381–2385, December, 1995.     

Excess volume of mixing of some electron-donating hydrocarbons with an electron-accepting liquid 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

The excess volume of mixing of some electron-donating aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene,p-xylene, and mesitylene with an electronaccepting liquid 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene have been measured at 30°C. The results indicate that the interaction between the components increases as the electron-donating power of the hydrocarbons increases. The V _m ^e values are related to the ionization potentials of the hydrocarbons.     

Effects of substituted ligands on the mobility of complexed anions

From conductance and viscosities measurements on Pr₄NCl, Et₄NBr, and AgNO₃ in acetonitrile and Et₃NBr in nitrobenzene, the Walden products of the anion at infinite dilution were determined in presence of various concentrations of substituted benzoic acids. From these data it was possible to compute the values of the Walden products of the once complexed anions and to estimate the order of magnitude of the Walden products of twice complexed anions. Stokes' law is not obeyed, and the Walden products are not proportional to the third root of the molar volume of the complexed ions, as a consequence of their lack of sphericity. The assumption that the drag force which acts on the ions is proportional to the volume of the substituents results in a linear expression between the reciprocals of the Walden products and the molar volume of the ligands. The experimental results fit this expression within the limits of the experimental errors, and the slopes of the lines are nearly the same for all the anions and for the two solvents studied here, namely, 2.5×10^–4 ohm-cm^–5 mole-cP^–1.     

Phase Separation of Polyethylene Glycol/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

Abstract

Salt in polyethylene glycol (PEG)/salt aqueous two-phase systems was excluded by PEG and concentrated in the solvent volume available for dissolution of salt (PEG-free solvent). The concentration of salt in the PEG-free solvent of the PEG-rich phase was the same as that at the critical point regardless of the compositions of the PEG/salt two-phase systems. This explained that the phase separation of PEG/salt two-phase systems occurs when the concentration of salt in the PEG-free solvent reaches its solubility limit. The concentration of salt required in the PEG-free solvent for the phase separation was lower with higher molecular weight of PEG. The solubility of salt in the PEG-free solvent decreased with increases in the molal surface tension increment of salt. The solubility limit of salt in the PEG-free solvent was 0.93 M for ammonium sulfate, 0.77 M for potassium phosphate, 0.75 M for sodium tartrate, 0.67 M for sodium phosphate, and 0.53 M for potassium citrate.     

颜料体积浓度对水在醇酸涂层中传输行为的影响

水、离子和氧气是导致涂层下金属发生腐蚀的三个重要因素,它们在涂层中的传输过程对其下面金属的腐蚀会产生较大的影响,研究它们在涂层中的传输过程对于弄清涂层下金属发生腐蚀的机制至关重要 .研究表明 [1－ 8], 水在涂层中的传输是一个扩散过程,分起始和饱和两个阶段;在起始阶段,随研究体系和实验条件的不同,水在涂层中的扩散过程遵循不同的规律,可能满足菲克第二扩散定律,也可能会发生较大的偏差 .　　颜料与基料界面间的孔隙是水在涂层中传输的主要通道,调整颜料体积浓度（ PVC）可以改变涂层中这种孔隙的数量和分布,从而…     

Lipophilicity in PK design: methyl, ethyl, futile

Lipophilicity, often expressed as distribution coefficients (log D) in octanol/water, is an important physicochemical parameter influencing processes such as oral absorption, brain uptake and various pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Increasing log D values increases oral absorption, plasma protein binding and volume of distribution. However, more lipophilic compounds also become more vulnerable to P450 metabolism, leading to higher clearance. Molecular size and hydrogen bonding capacity are two other properties often considered as important for membrane permeation and pharmacokinetics. Interrelationships among these physicochemical properties are discussed. Increasing size (molecular weight) often gives higher potency, but inevitably also leads to either higher lipophilicity, and hence poorer dissolution/solubility, or to more hydrogen bonding capacity, which limits oral absorption. Differences in optimal properties between gastrointestinal absorption and uptake into the brain are addressed. Special attention is given to the desired lipophilicity of CNS drugs. In examples using -blockers, Ca channel antagonists and peptidic renin inhibitors we will demonstrate how potency and pharmacokinetic properties need to be balanced.