Stochastic single vehicle routing with a predefined customer sequence and multiple depot returns

We study the routing of a single vehicle that delivers multiple products under stochastic demand. Specifically, we investigate two practical variations of this problem: (i) The case in which each product type is stored in its dedicated compartment in the vehicle, and (ii) the case in which all products are stored together in the vehicle’s single compartment. Suitable dynamic programming algorithms are proposed to determine the minimum expected (routing) cost for each case. Furthermore, the optimal routing policy is derived by developing appropriate theorems. The efficiency of the algorithms is studied by solving large problem sets.     

多车场有时间窗的多车型车辆调度及其禁忌算法研究

本文针对物流配送中的多车场车辆调度问题提出了两种多车场的处理方法，介绍了多车场车辆调度问题中容量、时间窗、多车型等多种约束的处理方法，并且根据具体约束情况设计了禁忌算法，对多车场有时间窗的多车型车辆调度问题加以实现，给出了一个具有代表性的算例试验结果和结果分析，通过试验表明了此方法对优化有时间窗的多车型车辆调度问题的有效性．     

A new volume of fluid method in three dimensions—Part II: Piecewise‐planar interface reconstruction with cubic‐Bézier fit

A new interface reconstruction method in 3D is presented. The method involves a conservative level‐contour reconstruction coupled to a cubic‐Bézier interpolation. The use of the proposed piecewise linear interface calculation (PLIC) reconstruction scheme coupled to a multidimensional time integration provides solutions of second‐order spatial and temporal accuracy. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed reconstruction algorithm are demonstrated through several tests, whose results are compared with those obtained with other recently proposed methods. An overall improvement in accuracy with respect to other recent methods has been achieved, along with a substantial reduction in the central processing unit time required. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

车辆路径问题的改进遗传算法

提出一种基于遗传算法的求解车辆路径问题的新算法,避免传统遗传算法处理不可行约束条件中惩罚项系数选取不当所出现的问题.同时,通过现实例子分析该算法的优劣性,实验结果表明该算法是一种有效的算法.     

Diffusion of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored bovine prion protein (PrP) in supported lipid membranes studied by single-molecule and complementary ensemble methods

In this work cellular bovine prion protein (PrP^c) was incorporated in supported lipid membranes and its lateral diffusion was studied by single-dye tracking (SDT) and a complementary ensemble method, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). PrP^c was purified from calf brain with its native glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and reconstituted into DMPC lipid vesicles. Homogeneous spreading on solid supports over macroscopic areas was confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. FRAP results demonstrated very high mobile fractions of up to 94%, confirming that most of the GPI-anchored PrP^c are freely diffusive in the fluid supported membrane matrix. Moreover, the lateral diffusivity of PrP^c significantly depends on the pH of the buffer, suggesting that the conformation of PrP^c and thus the frictional drag exerted to the protein molecule (and thus the effective hydrodynamic radius) is influenced by the effective net charge. To complement the ensemble results obtained by FRAP, the statistical variation of lateral diffusion coefficients of individual PrP^c molecules in the supported membranes were measured with SDT. Simulation-based statistical analysis indicated that in addition to the expected statistical scatter there is a significant spread of diffusion coefficients, while the average of the diffusion coefficients of individual proteins obtained by SDT is in excellent agreement with those measured by ensemble FRAP. In further experiments, PrP^c was laterally concentrated in the membrane by the application of tangential electric fields (membrane electrophoresis). However, the equilibrium concentration profile reached after 20 min was different from an exponential gradient. This finding suggests that PrP^c purified from bovine brain possesses non-uniform net charges. As the lateral diffusion coefficient of proteins in two-dimensional lipid membranes sensitively depends upon the frictional drag, the combination of SDT, ensemble FRAP, and membrane electrophoresis can be used as a powerful tool to gain insights into protein–protein binding and oligomer formation that would play a crucial role in infectious protein transmitted diseases such as BSE.     

Temperature-programmed synthesis of micron-sized multi-responsive microgels

A new synthetic protocol for the synthesis of large diameter (2.5 to 5 μm), temperature-, and pH-responsive microgels via aqueous surfactant-free radical precipitation copolymerization is presented. We have found that in this size range, which is not typically attainable using traditional dispersion polymerization approaches, excellent monodispersity and size control are achieved when the synthesis employs a programmed temperature ramp from 45 to 65 °C during the nucleation stage of the polymerization. A combined kinetic and thermodynamic hypothesis for large particle formation under these conditions is described. Particle sizes, volume phase transition temperatures, and pH responsivity were characterized by particle tracking and photon correlation spectroscopy to illustrate their similar behavior to particles made via more traditional routes. These particles have been enabling for various studies in our group where microscopic visualization of the particles is required.     

跟踪测量电视光学系统

电视系统是跟踪和测量飞行目标的主要手段之一。根据使用要求确定了电视跟踪系统中的光学系统主要参数，提出了一个新颖的光学系统方案以实现三个焦距对目标的跟踪和测量，并且对光学系统中各组元焦距的选择进行了讨论，最后给出了设计结果。     

IMM迭代无迹Kalman粒子滤波目标跟踪算法

针对传统交互式多模型(interactive multiple model,IMM)算法跟踪机动式再入目标精度差和实时性不高的问题,提出一种交互式多模型迭代无迹Kalman粒子滤波算法.该算法在多模型滤波过程中采用改进的粒子滤波算法,通过迭代无迹Kalman滤波融入最新观测信息,进而生成粒子滤波的重要性密度分布,从而提高采样质量,改善滤波算法性能.仿真结果表明,提出的算法相对于交互式多模型粒子滤波算法具有更好的跟踪效果.该算法对提高跟踪机动式再入目标的精度与实时能力具有一定的理论意义.     

双线法与横摆角速度法联合的车辆稳定性判据

车辆稳定性判据决定了车辆稳定性控制系统的介入与退出时机,是车辆稳定性控制的基础.设计了一种基于相平面法的车辆稳定性判据,在传统双线法确定的稳定区域中引入横摆角速度法确定的稳定区域,设计联合车辆稳定性判据,协调对质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的控制,并获取稳定性判据的相应阈值变化的数据库,用于在控制过程中查表获得车辆的稳定区域边界.利用质心侧偏角和横摆角速度偏离函数表征控制变量偏离参考值的程度和车辆状态相对稳定区域边界的位置.极限工况下,当车辆状态超出稳定区域边界时,车辆稳定性控制应迅速介入,控制车辆状态回到稳定区域.