A System for Determination of Precise Isotopic Vapor Pressure Differences from —20 to 110 °C,including Temperature Control to 0·001 over that Range)

An experimental system for the precise measurement of small vapor pressure differences over the range —20 to 110°C is described.     

Low-phosporous nickel-coated carbon microcoils: Controlling microstructure through an electroless plating process

Carbon microcoils (CMCs) have been coated with a nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) film using an electroless plating process, with sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent in an alkaline bath. CMC composites have potential applications as microwave absorption materials. The morphology, elemental composition and phases in the coating layer of the CMCs and Ni-coated CMCs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The effects of process parameters such as pH, temperature and coating time of the plating bath on the phosphorus content and deposition rate of the electroless Ni-P coating were studied. The results revealed that a continuous, uniform and low-phosphorous nickel coating was deposited on the surface of the CMCs for 20 min at pH 9.0, plating bath temperature 70 °C. The as-deposited coatings with approximately 4.5 wt.% phosphorus were found to consist of a mix of nano- and microcrystalline phases. The mean particle size of Ni-P nanoparticles on the outer surface of the CMCs was around 11.9 nm. The deposition rate was found to moderately increase with increasing pH, whereas, the phosphorous content of the deposit exhibited a significant decrease. Moreover, the material of the coating underwent a phase transition between an amorphous and a crystalline structure. The thickness of the deposit and the deposition rate may be controlled through careful variation of the coating time and plating bath temperature.     

Highly selective synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from methane in a coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed reactor

For the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from CH₄ over a Fe/MgO catalyst, we proposed a coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed (TFB) reactor to enhance the selectivity and yield (or production rate) of SWCNTs. By controlling a very short catalyst residence time (1–3 s) in the Downer, only part of Fe oxides can be reduced to form Fe nano particles (NPs) available for the growth of SWCNTs. The percentage of unreduced Fe oxides increased and the yield of SWCNTs decreased accordingly with the increase of catalyst feeding rate in Downer. SWCNTs were preferentially grown on the catalyst surface and inhibited the sintering of the Fe crystallites which would be formed thereafter in the downstream TFB, evidenced by TEM, Raman and TGA. The coupled Downer-turbulent fluidized-bed reactor technology allowed higher selectivity and higher production rate of SWCNTs as compared to TFB alone.     

物理气相传输(PVT)法生长碳化硅的晶体形态热应力分析

利用有限元方法对物理气相传输(PVT)法生长碳化硅晶体过程中出现的3种典型生长形态进行了热应力分析.结果表明:在3种晶体生长形态中,热应力最大值都出现在晶体与石墨坩埚盖接触区域;平面型生长形态中温度场及相应的热应变场和等效应力场分布均比较均匀;凸面型和凹面型生长形态的温度场及相应的热应变场和等效应力场分布均变化较大,而且在凸面型的中间区域和凹面型的边缘区域也存在较大的应力值.因此,为提高晶体质量,提出在石墨坩埚盖上沉积或反应生成碳化硅过渡层来减小热应力的改良方法,同时调整碳化硅晶体生长系统,尽量保证碳化硅晶体的平面型生长形态.     

十字旋阀塔板的流体力学性能

在1 000 mm的圆塔内,采用空气-水系统对十字旋阀塔板的流体力学性能进行了测试,考察了液流强度、出口堰高、开孔率等因素对塔板压降、雾沫夹带及泄漏性能的影响。结果表明:在小液流强度下,十字旋阀塔板上气体分散均匀,泡沫层高度稳定,气液接触充分,具有较好的流体力学性能和优势。     

聚氯代对亚苯基二亚甲基的化学气相沉积聚合及表征

用化学气相沉积(CVD)聚合法制备的聚氯代对亚苯基二亚甲基(PPX-C)膜,除了具有聚对亚苯基二亚甲基(PPX)膜的保形涂覆和物理性能外,还具有更好的粘附能力。研究表明:PPX-C膜具有优异的耐溶剂性和抗化学氧化性能;氯的引入使膜的玻璃化转变温度降低,室温柔性增强,动态力学阻尼性能增大,热降解起始温度比PPX膜低,主链降解温度与PPX膜相近。此外,氯的引入对膜的亲水性能影响不大,但膜的水汽渗透率却因此明显降低,与PPX膜相比PPX-C膜具有更好的防潮性能。     

离子轰击碳膜凸起形成碳纳米尖端的理论分析

用CH4、NH3和H2为反应气体,利用等离子体增强热丝化学气相沉积系统在沉积有碳膜的Si上制备了碳纳米尖端.用原子力显微镜表征了碳膜,结果表明碳膜是凸凹不平的膜,有许多凸起.在生长碳纳米尖端的过程中,由于既有含碳离子在凸起上的沉积,又有氢离子和含氮离子对凸起的刻蚀,根据有关离子沉积和溅射刻蚀的理论,理论分析了离子轰击碳膜凸起碳纳米尖端的形成.     

雾化辅助化学气相沉积法氧化镓薄膜生长研究

采用自主设计搭建的雾化辅助化学气相沉积系统设备,开展了Ga₂O₃薄膜制备及其特性研究工作。通过X射线衍射研究了沉积温度、系统沉积压差对Ga₂O₃薄膜结晶质量的影响。结果表明,Ga₂O₃在425~650 ℃温度区间存在物相转换关系。随着沉积温度从425 ℃升高至650 ℃,薄膜结晶分别由非晶态、纯α-Ga₂O₃结晶状态向α-Ga₂O₃、β-Ga₂O₃两相混合结晶状态改变。通过原子力显微镜表征探究了生长温度对Ga₂O₃薄膜表面形貌的影响,从475 ℃升高至650 ℃时,薄膜表面粗糙度由26.8 nm下降至24.8 nm。同时,高分辨X射线衍射仪测试表明475 ℃、5 Pa压差条件下的α-Ga₂O₃薄膜样品半峰全宽仅为190.8″,为高度结晶态的单晶α-Ga₂O₃薄膜材料。     

放电电流对热阴极等离子体化学气相沉积金刚石膜影响

建立了快速沉积高品质金刚石膜的热阴极辉光放电等离子体化学气相沉积新方法. 相对于常规冷阴极辉光放电而言,热阴极辉光放电是一种新型放电形式,具有许多新的特性,其中重要一点是具有较高的放电电流(6.0～10.0 A). 较高的放电电流既是热阴极辉光放电本身的突出特点,同时对于化学气相沉积金刚石膜工艺也产生重要影响. 实验研究了放电电流于金刚石膜沉积速率、表面形貌和热导率的影响,发现由于放电电流影响辉光放电的等离子体区和阳极区,进而对金刚石膜的沉积速率和品质有很大影响. 特别是通过放电电流的提高,可以有效地提高金刚石膜的品质,这对于制备优质金刚石膜产品有重大意义.     

Condensation and Crystal Nucleation in a Lattice Gas with a Realistic Phase Diagram

We reconsider model II of Orban et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 1968, 49, 1778–1783), a two-dimensional lattice-gas system featuring a crystalline phase and two distinct fluid phases (liquid and vapor). In this system, a particle prevents other particles from occupying sites up to third neighbors on the square lattice, while attracting (with decreasing strength) particles sitting at fourth- or fifth-neighbor sites. To make the model more realistic, we assume a finite repulsion at third-neighbor distance, with the result that a second crystalline phase appears at higher pressures. However, the similarity with real-world substances is only partial: Upon closer inspection, the alleged liquid–vapor transition turns out to be a continuous (albeit sharp) crossover, even near the putative triple point. Closer to the standard picture is instead the freezing transition, as we show by computing the free-energy barrier relative to crystal nucleation from the “liquid”.