Effect of glass bead packing on the fibrillation of liquid‐crystalline polymer in polycarbonate

Polycarbonate (PC) was melt blended with small amount of liquid‐crystalline polymer (LCP) and various contents of glass beads (GB) having different diameters. The rheological measurements indicated that the GB addition increased the viscosity ratio and seemed unfavorable to the LCP fibrillation. However, the morphological observation showed that the LCP fibrillation was promoted by the GB addition and varied with the GB packing. With the increased GB packing by increasing the GB content and/or decreasing the GB diameter, LCP deformed from spheres and ellipsoids into stretched ellipsoids at lower shear rates and into long fibrils at higher shear rates. Although higher content of smaller GB jammed into the larger LCP droplets and inhibited the LCP fibrillation, very long LCP fibrils formed at higher shear rates at a high enough packing of GB. The relationship between GB packing and LCP fibrillation revealed two kinds of hydrodynamic effects of GB promoting the LCP fibrillation: at lower GB packing, the shear flow was enhanced by the high local shear between GB, in quantity; and for a high enough GB packing, the shear flow was changed, in quality, into elongational flow, which was more effective for the LCP fibrillation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1020–1030, 2006     

Melting behaviors,crystallization kinetics,and spherulitic morphologies of poly(butylene succinate) and its copolyester modified with rosin maleopimaric acid anhydride

This article investigated the melting behaviors, crystallization kinetics, and spherulitic morphologies of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its copolyester (PBSR) modified with rosin maleopimaric acid anhydride, using wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and polarized optical microscope. Subsequent DSC scans of isothermally crystallized PBS and PBSR exhibited two melting endotherms, respectively, which was due to the melt‐recrystallization process occurring during the DSC scans. The equilibrium melting point of PBSR (125.9 °C) was lower than that of PBS (139 °C). The commonly used Avrami equation was used to describe the isothermal crystallization kinetics. For nonisothermal crystallization studies, the model combining Avrami equation and Ozawa equation was employed. The result showed a consistent trend in the crystallization process. The crystallization rate was decreased, the perfection of crystals was decreased, the recrystallization was reduced, and the spherulitic morphologies were changed when the huge hydrogenated phenanthrene ring was added into the chain of PBS. The activation energy (ΔE) for the isothermal crystallization process determined by Arrhenius method was 255.9 kJ/mol for PBS and 345.7 kJ/mol for PBSR. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 900–913, 2006     

Rebuilding of metal components with laser cladding forming

Laser cladding forming (LCF) is a novel powerful tool for the repairing of metal components. Rebuilding of V-grooves on medium carbon steel substrates has been carried out with laser cladding forming technique using stainless steel powder as the cladding material. Microstructure of the deposited layers has been characterized using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDAX), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties of the rebuilt V-groove samples have been evaluated by tensile and impacting tests and microhardness measurement. Experimental results show that good fusion bonding between the rebuilt layers and the substrate has been formed, and the microstructure of the cladding layers is mainly composed of fine, dense and defect-free epitaxial columnar dendrites. Due to the effect of grain size refinement, the tensile strength, impacting toughness, elongation and microhardness of the rebuilt samples have been greatly enhanced compared to those of the substrate. Microhardness is also very uniform throughout the rebuilt regions. With the growth of the deposited layers, the microhardness increases gradually. The good ductility of the deposited regions is verified by the SEM fracture analysis.     

Thermal properties of poly(styrene) containing brominated aryl phosphate additives

General purpose poly(styrene) is a large volume commodity polymer widely used in a range of applications. For many of these the presence of an additive to impart some flammability resistance is required. Most commonly, brominated aromatics are used for this purpose. As the polymer undergoes combustion these compounds decompose to generate bromine atoms and/or hydrogen bromide which escape to the gas phase and trap flame propagating radicals. While these species are effective in inhibiting flame propagation they present the opportunity for loss of halogen to the atmosphere. For this reason, the use of these compounds is being limited in some parts of the world. Phosphorus compounds, on the other had, impart a flame retarding influence by promoting char formation at the surface of the burning polymer. This prevents heat feedback to the polymer and consequent pyrolysis to generate fuel fragments. The combination of both bromine and phosphorus present in a single compound might generate a superior flame-retarding additive in that both modes of retardancy might be promoted simultaneously. Should this be the case smaller amounts of additive might be necessary to achieve a satisfactory level of flame retardancy. A series of such additives, brominated aryl phosphates, has been synthesized and fully characterized spectroscopically. Blends of these additives, at various levels, with poly(styrene) have been examined by DSC, TG and in the UL-94 flame test. The flammability of the polymer is dramatically diminished by the presence of the additive.     

A procedure for measuring the flexibility of single wood-pulp fibres

A way of determining the flexibility of wood-pulp fibres is developed, which involves i) a precise measurement of the topology of single-fibres by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and ii) the measurement of the elastic modulus of the fibres by using a single-fibre fatigue cell. Reported in this paper are the initial results of tests carried out on black spruce fibres, which have been subjected to three different levels of mechanical refining energy, namely ∼1100, 2300, and 3500 kWh/t. It is found that the fibre flexibility rises significantly between the first and second energy levels, but it does not change to the same degree between the second and third ones. The described procedure of measuring the flexibility of fibres may be used to establish the appropriate refiner energy necessary for the production of a specific grade of paper. Russian translation published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 115–128, January–February, 2006.     

具有HfN/HfO2栅结构的p型MOSFET中的负偏置-温度不稳定性研究

研究了HfN/HfO₂高K栅结构p型金属-氧化物-半导体(MOS)晶体管(MOSFET)中，负 偏置-温度应力引起的阈值电压不稳定性(NBTI)特征.HfN/HfO₂高K栅结构的等效 氧化层厚度(EOT)为1.3nm，内含原生缺陷密度较低.研究表明，由于所制备的HfN/HfO₂ 高K栅结构具有低的原生缺陷密度，因此在p-MOSFET器件中观察到的NBTI属HfN/HfO2高K栅结构的本征特征，而非工艺缺陷引起的；进一步研究表明，该HfN/HfO₂高K栅结构中观察到的NBTI与传统的SiO₂基栅介质p-MOSFET器件中观察 到的NBTI具有类似的特征，可以被所谓的反应-扩散(R-D)模型表征： HfN/HfO₂ 栅结构p-MOSFET器件的NBTI效应的起源可以归为衬底注入空穴诱导的界面反应机理，即在负 偏置和温度应力作用下，从Si衬底注入的空穴诱导了Si衬底界面Si-H键断裂这一化学反应的 发生，并由此产生了Si^＋陷阱在Si衬底界面的积累和H原子在介质层内部的扩散 ，这种Si^＋陷阱的界面积累和H原子的扩散导致了器件NBTI效应的发生. 关键词： 高K栅介质 负偏置-温度不稳定性(NBTI) 反应-扩散(R-D)模型     

流媒体技术在继续教育平台中的应用

在阐述了流媒体技术的基本原理的基础上，通过对主流技术的分析比较提出了以WindowsMedia为技术支撑，基于组播和点播的流媒体继续教育平台解决方案，并对资源的同步控制和安全策略作简要分析，实现一个功能丰富的继续教育平台．