醇-盐双水相技术去除水中的对氨基酚

研究了丙醇–硫酸铵双水相体系分离水中对氨基酚的新方法,考察了萃取体系中的硫酸铵用量、正丙醇用量、pH值对萃取率的影响,通过L9(33)正交试验对萃取条件进行了优化.确定萃取条件为:pH值为4.5,硫酸铵用量为15.0 g,正丙醇为20 mL,在最佳条件下经过3次连续萃取,萃取率达99.41%.改进了分光光度法测定对氨基酚含量的方法,实验结果表明该方法快速、准确、萃取率高,处理过的含对氨基酚的水样达到GB8978—1996中的一级标准.     

饱和土中Biot波动方程与混合物理论波动方程的比较

本文比较了混合物理论推导出的饱和土一般波动方程与Biot饱和上波动方程，证明两者之间完全一致，但混合物理论无需关于a≥0的限制，在此基础上，本文推导出两种波动理论之间的正确系数对应关系，使混合物理论获得的结果与工程实践相吻合．     

大管径油气两相流流型变化机理的研究

本文对大直径水平和不同倾角的倾斜管道内油气混输流动的流型及流行转换进行了研究,探讨大直径油气混输管道不同倾斜度油气两相流动过程中段塞流的形成机理。在大型多相流流动模拟实验装置上,模拟油气在大直径管道内的混输流动。通过改变倾斜角度,研究倾角分别为1°、5°以及10°下的油气两相流流型及流型转换的特性,实验结果表明,倾斜角度对段塞流流型的产生及其变化影响显著。     

Collective modes in a one-dimensional nonuniform fluid model

A one-dimensional fluid with short-range repulsive interaction and one period of cosinusoidal attraction in a periodic container is transformed to a two-mode format. The system has both high-temperature single-phase regions and lowtemperature two-phase regions with a very broad spatial interface that can be stabilized by a weak external field. The case of vanishing external field brings out properties of the mode amplitude dependence which one expects to extend to more complex systems.     

Entropy Generation for Negative Frictional Pressure Drop in Vertical Slug and Churn Flows

It is widely accepted that the frictional pressure drop is impossible to be negative for pipe flow. However, the negative frictional pressure drops were observed for some cases of two-phase slug and churn flows in pipes, challenging the general sense of thermodynamic irreversibility. In order to solve this puzzling problem, theoretical investigations were performed for the entropy generation in slug and churn flows. It is found that the frictional pressure drop along with a buoyancy-like term contributes to the entropy generation due to mechanical energy loss for steady, incompressible slug and churn flows in vertical and inclined pipes. Experiments were conducted in a vertical pipe with diameter as 0.04 m for slug and churn flows. Most of the experimental data obtained for frictional pressure drop are negative at high gas–liquid ratios from 100 to 10,000. Entropy generation rates were calculated from experimental data. The results show that the buoyancy-like term is positive and responsible for a major part of entropy generation rate while the frictional pressure drop is responsible for a little part of entropy generation rate, because of which the overall entropy generation due to mechanical energy loss is still positive even if the frictional pressure drop is negative in vertical slug and churn flows. It is clear that the negative frictional pressure drops observed in slug and churn flows are not against the thermodynamics irreversibility.     

异丙醇-硫酸铵-PAN双水相萃取光度法测定镍(Ⅱ)

研究了异丙醇水溶液与(NH4)2SO4的双水相体系下,螯合剂PAN(1-(2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚)与Ni 2+以及吐温80形成的缔合物在两相间的分配行为.结果表明,该缔合物的最大吸收波长为562nm,与PAN和异丙醇水溶液的混合液相比,最大吸收发生了97nm红移.应用该缔合物体系分离测定镍时,其线性范围为0.10~0.60mg/L,线性相关系数为0.999 2,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.7×105 L·mol-1·cm-1.利用该方法萃取测定Ni(Ⅱ)时,干扰离子铅(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)、铝(Ⅲ)、锰(Ⅱ)、钼(Ⅶ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、铬(Ⅶ)不被萃取,实现Ni(Ⅱ)与上述干扰离子的分离.     

RESEARCH ON METHOD TO CALCULATE VELOCITIES OF SOLID PHASE AND LIQUID PHASE IN DEBRIS FLOW

Velocities of solid phase and liquid phase in debris flow are one key problem to research on impact and abrasion mechanism of banks and control structures under action of debris flow. Debris flow was simplified as two-phase liquid composed of solid phase with the same diameter particles and liquid phase with the same mechanical features. Assume debris flow was one-dimension two-phase liquid moving to one direction, then general equations of velocities of solid phase and liquid phase were founded in two-phase theory. Methods to calculate average pressures, volume forces and surface forces of debris flow control volume were established. Specially, surface forces were ascertained using Bingham's rheology equation of liquid phase and Bagnold's testing results about interaction between particles of solid phase. Proportional coefficient of velocities between liquid phase and solid phase was put forward, meanwhile, divergent coefficient between theoretical velocity and real velocity of solid phase was provided too. To state succinctly before, method to calculate velocities of solid phase and liquid phase was obtained through solution to general equations. The method is suitable for both viscous debris flow and thin debris flow. Additionally, velocities every phase can be identified through analyzing deposits in-situ after occurring of debris flow. It is obvious from engineering case the result in the method is consistent to that in real-time field observation.     

可燃颗粒悬浮流中的正激波

本文讨论了激波后可燃颗粒点火、燃烧的机制和波后流场的松弛结构,结果表明,点火阶段颗粒外层浓度梯度极大,燃烧速率由非均相化学反应速率决定,而在燃烧阶段,外层的浓度梯度极大,燃烧速率由气体的扩散速率所决定。在考虑管壁效应时,对守恒方程中的能量耗散项作了说明。