明代官营茶马互市衰亡的原因——从明政府的茶马互市政策方面分析

从茶马互市政策方面分析,马赋差发政策的不公平、金牌制的局限性以及贡马和差发马之间价格的不公平是明代官营茶马互市衰亡的原因。     

Red Horse Chestnut and Horse Chestnut Flowers and Leaves: A Potential and Powerful Source of Polyphenols with High Antioxidant Capacity

Aesculus flowers and leaves are an excellent source of bioactive compounds, including flavanols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins, and the leaves also contain antioxidant carotenoids and chlorophylls. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the amounts of bioactive compounds present in Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus × carnea flowers and leaves over two years. These two species from six independent locations (parks and green areas) located in Warsaw were assessed in this study. The dry matter by the scale method and polyphenol, carotenoid, and chlorophyll content by the HPLC method of the flowers and leaves was evaluated. Red horse chestnut flowers contained significantly more total carotenoids (40.6 µg/g FW) and chlorophylls (36.9 µg/g FW) than horse chestnut flowers, and red horse chestnut flowers contained higher levels of anthocyanins (5.41 µg/g FW) than other species. We observed that horse chestnut flowers were characterized by a higher total polyphenols concentration (9.45 µg/g FW) compared to red horse chestnut flowers. In addition, the analysis of leaves showed that all quality parameters were higher in red horse chestnut species. Five individual anthocyanins were identified in both species’ flowers, but a higher concentration was found in red horse chestnut flowers, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside was the predominant form among a pool of total anthocyanins. In both experimental years, leaves (109.25 mMol/100 g FW and 112.0 mMol/100 g FW) were characterized by a higher antioxidant activity than flowers (27.0 mMol/100 g FW and 27.5 mMol/100 g FW).     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速筛查马饲料中39种违禁药物

建立了同时快速筛查和确证马饲料中39种赛马违禁药物(包含抗心率失常类药物、抗惊厥类药物、止痉挛类药物、抗疟疾类药物、刺激剂、麻醉剂及大麻酚类药物)的液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品粉碎后分别经1 mmol/L HClO4溶液和酸化乙腈溶液提取,并通过混合型固相萃取柱净化。采用Agilent Zorbax SB(10.0 cm×2.1 mm i.d.,3.5 μm) 色谱柱,以0.4%甲酸水溶液和0.4%甲酸乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,正离子多反应监测(MRM) 模式下检测。方法对空白饲料3个加标水平下的平均回收率为58%~116%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~20.4%,各类药物线性良好(r2＞0.99)。方法检出限(S/N≥3)和定量下限(S/N≥10)分别为0.2~25.0 μg/kg和1.0~40.0 μg/kg,其中超过67%药物的检出限在2.5 μg/kg以下。实验结果表明,该方法分析时间短,灵敏度、精密度良好,适用于马饲料中上述几类药物的快速筛查和测定。     

Boldenone, testosterone and 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione determination in faeces from horses, untreated and after administration of androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (boldione)

Faeces, which could be a potential alternative medium for doping control, have been used for the detection of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione administration to the horse. Semi-quantitative analyses of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, testosterone, 17alpha- and 17beta-boldenone have been conducted in pre- and post-administration faeces, and in controls (untreated stallions, geldings and mares). Sample preparation comprised diethyl ether extraction, lipid removal, HPLC purification and derivatisation. 1,4-Androstadiene-3,17-dione, testosterone, 17alpha- and 17beta-boldenone were analysed by GC-EI/MS/MS. Quantitative limits of detection were 0.1 ng/g for 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, and 0.025 ng/g for testosterone, 17alpha- and 17beta-testosterone. In post-administration samples from geldings and mares, peak levels of 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione, 17alpha-, 17beta-boldenone and testosterone were attained 24 h after administration. In untreated geldings and mares (in di- or anoestrus), 17alpha- and 17beta-boldenone and testosterone were not detected. Faeces from females in oestrus had detectable levels of boldenone isomers and testosterone. 1,4-Androstadiene-3,17-dione was undetectable in faeces collected from untreated horses, but the presence of this androgen was recently reported in faeces from untreated swine and it would therefore be advisable to check for its possible presence in a larger number of individual faecal samples.     

基于ASP开发的网站的安全性

分析了基于ASP开发的网站常见的安全问题,提出了解决这些问题的具体措施。     

Magnetic beads as versatile tools for electrochemical DNA and protein biosensing

Magnetic beads (MBs) are versatile tools in the separation of nucleic acids, proteins and other biomacromolecules, their complexes and cells. In this article recent application of MBs in electrochemical biosensing and particularly in the development of DNA hybridization sensors is reviewed. In these sensors MBs serve not only for separation but also as a platform for optimized DNA hybridization. A hybridization event is detected separately at another surface, which is an electrode. The detection is based either on the intrinsic DNA electroactivity or on various kinds of DNA labeling, including chemical modification, enzyme tags, nanoparticles, electroactive beads, etc., greatly amplifying the signals measured. In addition to DNA hybridization, other kinds of biosensing in combination with MBs, such as DNA-protein interactions, are reviewed.     

基于SPI技术漏洞的新型木马的防范方法

目的防范基于SPI技术漏洞的新型木马。方法从SPI技术原理出发分析新型木马利用SPI技术实现隐藏的机制,找出一种新型木马的检测和清除方法。结果提出了一套完整的针对基于SPI技术的新型木马的防御方案,并详细描述了其实现。结论这种确实可行的周期比较法,可以对新型木马实施半自动清除。     

试析汉画中的天马

汉代喜尚马,是其它朝代所不能比拟的。在现存的汉画中,马便成为最突出的时代特征。马在农业和战争中发挥的巨大作用是汉代产生马崇拜习俗、出现天马的根源所在。天马是汉代人对一般意义上的马的神格化,其具有显著的＂神性＂特征,是汉代先民崇马至极的必然产物。汉画中的天马并非都有外在的特征,有的有翼,有的无翼,但它们都是主要用来作为升仙工具的,是汉代人升仙思想的一种反映。     

新疆普氏野马鼻肺炎病毒的分离鉴定

从新疆昌吉州吉木萨尔野马饲养繁殖中心送检的野马病料中分离到一株病毒,并对其进行了全面鉴定．该病毒株在ＢＨＫ－２１细胞上连传６代出现典型细胞病变,用适应ＢＨＫ－２１细胞的病毒接种鸡胚成纤维细胞、乳豚鼠肾原代细胞、豚鼠睾丸细胞均出现程度不同的细胞病变．在电镜下可见到典型的马鼻肺炎病毒粒子（疱疹病毒样颗粒）．病毒对５－碘脱氧尿核苷、氯仿、乙醚等敏感．在ｐＨ３下失活,５６℃３０ｍｉｎ灭活．病毒能被马鼻肺炎病毒标准阳性血清所中和．病毒接种乳豚鼠出现典型致死性肝炎．结果表明所分离病毒为马鼻肺炎病毒,并将该毒株定名为ＰＨ９３－１株     

阿坝州马的数量分布与气候生态环境关系的探讨

对阿坝州气候生态环境与马的数量分布进行探讨，确定马适宜的气候区的综合指标分别为年均气温1．7～22℃，年≥0℃，积温为1432．2-4448，年辐射总量130～147kJ／cm^2，年日照时数为2310-2410h，年降水量≥680mm，生长季干燥度0．11-0．33k，隶属度Cx=1；不适宜的气候区的综合指标为年均气温9．0～13．5℃，年≥0℃，积温为3362-4892，年辐射总量102～122kJ／cm^2，年日照时数1637-2129．7h，年降水量490-730mm，生长季干燥度为1．03-141K，隶属度为Cx=0；其过渡区气候指标为年辐射总量124～131kJ／cm^2，年日照时数1630-2200h，年降水量590-760mm，生长季干燥度060～0．68K，隶属度Cx=0．49～0．84．