锂离子电池非碳负极材料的研究进展

分别对锡基负极材料、钛的复合氧化物，过渡金属氮化物及其它锂离子电池非碳负极材料的研究进行了阐述，并指出它们各自的特点。指出负极材料的研究与开发重点将朝着高比容量，高充放电效率，高循环性能以及低成本方向发展。     

α-钛合金TA6的动态力学性能和剪切现象分析

诸多文献已经报道了β和(α β)钛合金冲击和爆炸加载下的绝热剪切现象,本文利用分离式的Hopkinson压杆和反射式Hopkinson拉杆对α-钛合金TA6的动态力学性能进行研究,得到不同应变率下材料的应力-应变曲线,发现钛合金TA6和其他钛合金一样也是一种应变率敏感材料。冲击拉伸加载时破坏形状45度剪切断口,然而其在冲击压缩应力作用下体现为典型的韧性,并未出现其它类型钛合金通常会出现的绝热剪切破坏。进一步分析表明:α-钛合金TA6不同于β和(α β)的钛合金,α-钛合金TA6相对于β和(α β)的钛合金是一种绝热剪切不敏感的材料。同时也利用应力状态的柔韧系数的概念对拉伸时45度的剪切断口解释。     

离心铸造二元钛合金的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用钨电极熔化、离心浇注工艺制备Ti-Mo、Ti-Nb和Ti-Cr二元钛合金,利用CJS111A型球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机评价其干摩擦磨损性能,研究合金元素对钛合金耐磨性的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜观察合金磨损表面形貌,利用机械性能显微探针测量磨痕轮廓,分析了几种合金的磨损机理.结果表明:当合金中Mo、Nb及Cr元素的质量分数为5%时,几种二元合金的稳态摩擦系数相差不大;当Mo、Nb及Cr元素的质量分数为10%时,Ti-10Mo合金与Ti-10Nb合金的稳态摩擦系数相差不大,Ti-10Cr合金的稳态摩擦系数较大;几种合金中,硬度较低的Ti-5Nb合金试样的磨痕深度最小,硬度最高的Ti-5Cr合金试样的磨痕深度最大;Ti-Mo合金和Ti-Nb合金的磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损共同作用,而Ti-Cr合金则以磨粒磨损为主.     

Thermoelastic stresses in SiC single crystals grown by the physical vapor transport method

A finite element-based thermoelastic anisotropic stress model for hexagonal silicon carbide polytype is developed for the calculation of thermal stresses in SiC crystals grown by the physical vapor transport method. The composite structure of the growing SiC crystal and graphite lid is considered in the model. The thermal expansion match between the crucible lid and SiC crystal is studied for the first time. The influence of thermal stress on the dislocation density and crystal quality is discussed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472126) and the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The English text was polished by Keren Wang     

不同加载状态下TA2钛合金绝热剪切破坏响应特性

一般认为绝热剪切现象在宏观上表现为材料动态本构失稳,即热软化大于应变硬化.本文采用帽型受迫剪切试样研究TA2钛合金的动态力学特性和本构失稳过程.首先对剪切区加载应力状态进行理论和数值分析,通过合理设计帽型试样,剪切区变形可近似按剪切状态处理;结合二维数字图像相关法(two-dimensional digital image correlation,DIC-2D)直接测试试样剪切区应变演化,给出帽型受迫剪切实验的等效应力-应变响应曲线.进一步,利用Hopkinson压杆对TA2钛合金开展动态压缩及帽型剪切对比试验研究,比较压缩、剪切试验得到的等效应力-应变曲线,采用"冻结"试样方法分析试样中绝热剪切局域化演化过程,探讨不同加载状态下TA2钛合金的绝热剪切破坏现象及其动态力学响应特性.实验结果表明,在塑性变形初始阶段,动态压缩及剪切加载下的等效应力-应变曲线符合较好,但随塑性损伤发展及绝热剪切带形成,两者出现分离,表明损伤及绝热剪切演化过程与应力状态相关.剪切试样实验得到的本构"软化"特性能够反映绝热剪切带起始、破坏演化过程的力学响应特性,而在动态压缩实验中,即使试样中已出现双锥形的绝热剪切带及局部裂纹分布,其表观等效应力-应变曲线并不出现软化特征,动态压缩实验无法得到关于绝热剪切起始、发展以及破坏的本构软化响应特性.     

六种微物理方案对湖北一次强对流过程的数值模拟

利用中尺度数值模式WRF(weather researchforecasting model),选定六种微物理方案(Lin、WSM6、WDM6、Morrison、Milbrandt-Yau、NSSL),对发生在2007年4月15日湖北地区的一次强对流天气进行模拟,对比分析了各方案所模拟出的降水差异及成因。结果显示:六种方案模拟出的降水区域均偏西,其中Milbrandt-Yau方案降水偏少,其余五种方案则偏多;不同方案所模拟的云中微物理结构不同,云中冰相过程的发展很大程度上影响了降水强度,降水主要来源于大的雹霰粒子下落融化。雹霰粒子半径不同是引起降水差异的主要原因,大粒子含量高,则会产生较强的降水;反之,则降水较少。     

TC4钛合金超高周次轴向振动疲劳试验

应用基于压电超声疲劳试验技术开发的20kHz轴向振动疲劳试验系统,完成了室温下TC4钛合金超高周疲劳试验,获得了TC4合金在107～109周次范围内的轴向振动疲劳寿命曲线(S-N曲线);运用C.Paris推导公式预测了TC4合金材料的寿命,得到各应力水平下破坏率为50％、95％、99％的安全寿命.结果表明:在疲劳循环大于107周次时,试件仍会发生疲劳断裂,疲劳强度随循环次数的增加而下降,并不存在明显的疲劳极限.TC4合金的S-N曲线在107～109周次的范围内呈连续下降型.在轴向振动超高周疲劳试验中,试件的裂纹扩展寿命只占其在50％破坏率下疲劳安全寿命的一小部分,其疲劳寿命主要由试件的裂纹萌生寿命决定.     

EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE MICROBEADS

The effect of polyethyleneimine (PEI) concentration on the properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) suspensions is studied with or without the addition of an electrolyte (barium acetate). Measurements of the apparent viscosity and the stability of TiO2 suspensions showed that PEI is an effective dispersant for TiO2 particles in suspension in the absence of an electrolyte, not only reducing the viscosity of the suspension but also increasing its stability. In the presence of an electrolyte, however, small quantities of polyethyleneimine could neither disperse the TiO2 particles nor de-crease the viscosity of the TiO2 suspensions; only PEI concentrations beyond saturation adsorption could perceptively improve the stabilitv of TiO2 suspensions.     

Modeling and prediction of bulk properties of open-cell carbon foam

The emerging ultralightweight material, carbon foam, was modeled with three-dimensional microstructures to develop a basic understanding in correlating microstructural configuration with bulk performance of open-cell foam materials. Because of the randomness and complexity of the microstructure of the carbon foam, representative cell ligaments were first characterized in detail at the microstructural level. The salient microstructural characteristics (or properties) were then correlated with the bulk properties through the present model. In order to implement the varying anisotropic nature of material properties in the foam ligaments, we made an attempt to use a finite element method to implement such variation along the ligaments as well as at a nodal point where the ligaments meet. The model was expected to provide a basis for establishing a process-property relationship and optimizing foam properties.The present model yielded a fairly reasonable prediction of the effective bulk properties of the foams. We observed that the effective elastic properties of the foams were dominated by the bending mode associated with shear deformation. The effective Young's modulus of the foam was strongly influenced by the ligament moduli, but was not influenced by the ligament Poisson's ratio. The effective Poisson's ratio of the foam was practically independent of the ligament Young's modulus, but dependent on the ligament Poisson's ratio. The effective Young's modulus of the carbon foam was dependent more on the transverse Young's modulus and the shear moduli of the foam ligaments, but less significantly on the ligament longitudinal Young's modulus. A parametric study indicated that the effective Young's modulus was significantly improved by increasing the solid modulus in the middle of the foam ligaments, but nearly invariant with that at the nodal point where the ligaments meet. Therefore, appropriate processing schemes toward improving the transverse and shear properties of the foam ligaments in the middle section of the ligaments rather than at the nodal points are highly desirable for enhancing the bulk moduli of the carbon foam.     

TiCl2-NH3·H2O液体发烟剂红外衰减性能实验

烟幕技术是现代战场效费比最高的光电对抗手段，其干扰效果依赖于烟幕的组成成分。对基于四氯化钛-氨水体系液体发烟剂布设的烟幕的红外衰减性能进行了研究，发现在适宜条件下，烟雾呈中性，同时对3～5μm和8～12μm红外辐射的衰减率可分别达到65％和90％。当靶温在34℃～73℃之间变化时，烟幕对8～12μm红外辐射的衰减率均高于90％，对3～5μm红外辐射的衰减率随靶温升高而降低。