Switchable Synthesis of 7- and 14-Membered Cyclic Peptides Containing N-Methyl- and β-Amino Acids Utilizing Microflow Technology

Smaller cyclic peptides containing non-proteinogenic amino acids have garnered much attention for use as drugs, but their chemical synthesis is extremely challenging. In this study, a rapid (60.5 min) synthesis of 7- and 14-membered cyclic peptides containing N-methyl- and β-amino acids was achieved by only switching the concentrations (0.20 M or 0.01 M) of the substrates. The developed approach required neither expensive transition-metals nor expensive coupling agents. As far as we could ascertain, this is the first report of the synthesis of smaller (≤16-membered) cyclic N-methylated peptides via dimerization-cyclization strategy.     

β-N-Heterocyclic Cyclobutane Carboximides: Synthesis through a Tandem Base-Catalyzed Amidation/aza-Michael Addition Protocol and Facile Transformations

A stereoselective one-pot double derivatization of cyclobutene-1-carboxylic acid via a mild organic base catalyzed amidation/aza-Michael addition of benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-ones has been developed. This unprecedented tandem reaction provides access to novel β-N-heterocyclic cyclobutane carboximide derivatives with a trans geometry. The carboximide moiety reacts smoothly with nucleophiles, allowing access to diverse derivatives of trans-β-N-heterocyclic cyclobutanecarboxylic acid, including peptidomimetic structures.     

Visible Light Mediated Halogen Atom Transfer to Access Polyhalogenated and Deuterated Lactams from Alkyl Halides

A visible light mediated protocol for the synthesis of polyhalogenated and deuterated δ- and γ-lactams from readily available alkyl halides is reported. The reaction involves the generation of haloalkyl radicals through halogen atom transfer (XAT) and subsequent arylalkylation of olefins to afford dihydroisoquinolinones and oxindoles. This new XAT protocol exhibits wide scope under mild conditions and enables access to new halogenated chemical space.     

Catalyst- and Oxidant-Free Electrochemical Regioselective Halogenation and Trifluoromethylation of 4H-Pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones

The catalyst-free electrochemical halogenation and trifluoromethylation of 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ones was realized under external-oxidant-free conditions. This strategy provides an easy and green access to functionalized new 4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives with broad scope, good functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity.     

Photoinduced Reaction of α-Bromoacetophenone with Thiosulfonate: Synthesis of β-Keto Thiosulfone

A photoinduced synthesis of β-keto thiosulfone/β-keto selenosulfone by the reaction of α-bromoacetophenone with thiosulfonate/selenosulfonate under metal-free and visible light irradiation conditions is developed. Two C−S bonds or one C−S bond and one C−Se bond were constructed simultaneously.     

Dilute-and-shoot approach for determination of several biomarkers and pharmaceuticals in wastewater using nanoflow liquid chromatography – Orbitrap mass spectrometry

A new method for quantitative analysis of several biomarkers and pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater has been developed employing nanoflow liquid chromatography with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. An easy dilute-and-shoot approach has been used for sample preparation with a dilution factor of 5. Improved retention of ionic and highly polar compounds has been achieved by the addition of tetrabutylammonium bromide as an ion pair reagent into the final diluted sample. The new nanoflow liquid chromatography method has demonstrated low matrix effects (70%–111%), high sensitivity in terms of limits of quantification (0.005 to 0.3 μg/L), low injection volume (70 nl) and solvent consumption, and the ability to analyze diverse polar and ionic analytes within one run using a single reversed-phase nanoflow liquid chromatography column. Wastewater samples (n = 116) from the wastewater treatment plants of different cities in Latvia were analyzed using the developed method. The observed concentrations of biomarkers were in line with the literature data.     

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate from sesame seed wastewater by sequencing batch reactor cultivation process of Haloferax mediterranei

Due to the high cost of bioplastic production, sesame wastewater, generated from the sesame seed hulling process, was investigated to be used as inexpensive and renewable carbon source for the production of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by extreme Haloferax mediterranei. The sesame wastewater (SWW) was hydrolyzed using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid (0.4. 1.00 and 2.00 M) at different period of times (15, 60 and 90 min). The concentration of salt (NaCl) and nitrogen source (NH₄Cl and yeast) required for H. mediterranei cells growth and the accumulation of PHA biopolymer was optimized. A maximum 0.53 g/L concentration of PHA was achieved when the SWW extract media was supplemented with 100 g/L NaCl and 6.0 g/L yeast extract. The cultivation was scaled-up using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fermentation under non-sterile conditions. The SBR results showed that SWW needs an auxiliary carbon source to obtain high PHA production. Consequently, the system fed with SWW and glucose produced higher PHA (20.9 g/L) than the system fed with SWW.     

工业废水中的生物脱氮工艺及其应用效果比较

氨氮已成为＂十二五＂规划中污染物约束性指标.基于现有的微生物脱氮工艺的应用案例,对比分析了不同工艺的微生物脱氮方法的适用条件（进出水浓度、HRT、膜材料、载体等）、处理效果和运行成本.同时,系统分析了不同工艺的适用性和优缺点.不同的处理工艺适用处理的氨氮浓度虽有差异,但其出水中氨氮的浓度大部分可达到直接排放的标准.从应用案例的比较可以看出,针对同一种废水不同工艺或同一工艺处理不同性质的废水,处理成本可能有较大差异,需要对比优选.研究结果可以为生物脱氮的废水处理工艺和参数选择提供参考.     

关于中小型城市污水处理厂能耗和节能措施分析

从中小型城市污水处理厂工艺流程的角度研究了污水处理工艺的能耗,分析了污水处理厂的主要耗能工序及设备,并在此基础上从设备、运行等方面对污水处理厂各处理工序的节能工作进行了阐述,提出了节能措施。     

Simultaneous Continuous Removal of Cr(VI) and Phenol from Binary Synthetic Simulated Waste Water in Tea Waste Packed Bed Column: Kinetic Modeling

In this study, simultaneous co-adsorption of Cr(VI) and phenol was carried out in a continuous packed-bed reactor packed with tea waste biomass. The experiments were carried out using binary synthetic simulated solution containing 100 mg/L of Cr(VI) and 50 mg/L of phenol. The binary synthetic solution was passed through the packed-bed reactor at different flow rates (5.46, 8.19, and 16.3 mL/min) and bed height (36, 54, 72, and 93 cm). The pH of the binary synthetic solution was 5 as the maximum simultaneous percentage removal of Cr(VI) and phenol was obtained at this pH reported in our previous study.^[1 Gupta, A. and Balomajumder, C. (2015) J. Water Proc. Eng., 6: 1–10.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]^] The effects of flow rate and bed depth onto the simultaneous percentage removal of Cr(VI) and phenol were investigated. According to the average percentage error (?%) and average relative error (ARE %) calculated for various kinetic models reveal that Yoon–Nelson model for Cr(VI) and Thomas model for phenol best describes the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity of tea waste biomass in a packed-bed reactor for Cr(VI) and phenol was 57.04 and 27.96 mg/g, respectively. The packed bed of the column was regenerated using 2 N NaOH.