Cryolitic vein XPS imaging from an industrial grade carbon

Aluminium carbide formation and subsequent dissolution is a generally accepted mechanism to explain the cathode wear in the Hall-Héroult industry. Carbide formation is thought to occur inside the cathode pores. Being dependent upon cathodic current density, it is believed to be an electrochemical process. It is also associated with the presence of cryolitic bath species involved in the dissolution of the carbide layer and thus enabling further carbide formation.     

Experimental study and numerical simulation of evacuation from a dormitory

The evacuation process of students from a dormitory is investigated by both experiment and modeling. We investigate the video record of pedestrian movement in a dormitory, and find some typical characteristics of evacuation, including continuous pedestrian flow, mass behavior and so on. Based on the experimental observation, we found that simulation results considering pre-movement time are closer to the experimental results. With the model considering pre-movement time, we simulate the evacuation process and compare the simulation results with the experimental results, and find that they agree with each other closely. The crowd massing phenomenon is conducted in this paper. It is found that different crowd massing phenomena will emerge due to different desired velocities. The crowd massing phenomenon could be more serious with the increase of the desired velocity. In this study, we also found the faster-is-slower effect. When the positive effect produced by increasing the desired velocity is not sufficient for making up for its negative effect, the phenomenon of the greater the desired velocity the longer the time required for evacuation will emerge. From the video record, it can be observed that the mass behavior is obvious during the evacuation process. And the mass phenomenon could also be found in simulation. The results obtained from our study are also suitable to all these buildings in which both living and resting areas occupy the majority space, such as dormitories, residential buildings, hotels (restaurants) and so on.     

Influences of exit and stair conditions on human evacuation in a dormitory

Evacuation processes of students are investigated by experiment and simulation. The experiment is performed for students evacuating from a dormitory with an exit and stairs. FDS+Evac is proposed to simulate the exit and stair dynamics of occupant evacuation. Concerning the exit and stair widths, we put forward some useful standpoints. Good agreement is achieved between the predicted results and experimental results. With the increase of exit width, a significant stratification phenomenon will be found in flow rate. Stratification phenomenon is that two different stable flow rates will emerge during the evacuation. And the flow rate curve looks like a ladder. The larger the exit width, the earlier the stratification phenomenon appears. When exit width is more than 2.0 m, the flow rate of each exit width is divided into two stable stages, and the evacuation times show almost no change. The judgment that the existence of stairs causes flow stratification is reasonable. By changing the width of the stairs, we proved that judgment. The smaller the width of BC, the earlier the stratification appears. We found that scenario 5 is the most adverse circumstance. Those results are helpful in performance-based design of buildings.     

Fermi超流气体在unitarity区域和Bose-Einstein 凝聚区域的自俘获现象研究

在平均场理论和两模近似下,通过观察布居数差随时间的演化, 以及布居数差的平均随非线性相互作用参数的变化, 研究了对称双势阱以及势阱间高频调制时Fermi超流气体在unitarity区域和Bose-Einstein凝聚区域的自俘获现象. 给出了出现自俘获现象的边界条件;发现高频调制在一定调制范围内使自俘获现象更容易实现. 最后研究了初值对自俘获的影响, 发现初值的绝对值|s(0)|的增加更有利于自俘获的实现.     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜-南方涛动非线性扰动模型孤子的渐近解法

研究了一类厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜-南方涛动(ENSO)随机扰动模型. 首先, 利用特殊的待定系数方法得到了无扰动ENSO模型下的孤子精确解. 然后利用渐近理论和方法构造了随机扰动ENSO模型的近似解, 并举例说明得到的渐近解具有较好的精度.     

铋离子掺杂RO-Al2O3-SiO2玻璃近红外超宽带发光性质

研究了碱土金属氧化物对Bi离子掺杂RO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (R=Ca, Sr, Ba)玻璃近红外超宽带发光性质的影响. 结果表明: 玻璃样品在不同抽运源激发下都可检测到较强的近红外超宽带发光. 在808 nm激光激发下, 随着碱土金属离子半径的增加, Bi离子在1 300 nm附近的近红外发光强度显著增加, 荧光半高宽逐渐增加, 其荧光寿命最长可超过600 μms; 而在690 nm激光激发下, 随着碱土金属离子半径的增加, Bi离子在1 100 nm附近的近红外发光呈减弱趋势, 荧光半高宽逐渐增大, 半高宽最大可超过400 nm. 近红外发光可能源于两种不同形式铋的发光中心. 针对上述结果探讨了该玻璃体系中Bi离子近红外发光的机理.     

修正采样定理与周期现象的实验研究方法

信号与系统理论中的采样定理,要求采样时区无限宽,采样数据无限多,这是一种理想化情况.实际采样时区宽度和采样数据量只能有限,采样定理难以用来探索物理量随时间变化的规律.结合物理学实验研究的需要,我们提出了修正采样定理.利用修正采样定理和周期物理量的有限多个采样数据,可以准确捕获周期物理量的演化规律.方法是,取尽可能小的采样周期Ts和尽可能多的观测次数N.观测周期物理量产生N个采样数据,先找出物理量的周期T.然后通过重复观测来调整Ts和N,使NTs/T等于整数.计算采样数据的频谱Xs(f),利用修正采样定理和Xs(f),快速得到周期物理量的频谱X(f).依据X(f)重建周期物理量随时间变化的规律.以大摆角单摆为例,展示研究周期现象规律的方法和过程.     

振动诱导液滴与液面不融合现象的研究

发现硅油液滴能够停留在竖直振动的硅油液面上,通过等厚干涉实验说明液滴和液面间存在空气薄膜,分析空气膜形状的变化过程,并依此建立简化模型论述空气膜阻止液滴与液面融合的原理.实验构造了浸没在硅油液面下的硅油液滴,建立理论模型估算空气膜的平均厚度,并与实验估测值对比.本文对多个液滴在液面上呼吸模式的振动现象作了描述和解释.     

模拟研究电荷的大小和温度对带电胶体纳米粒子稳定性的影响

利用蒙特卡罗方法和原始模型对正则系综中的带电胶体悬浮液进行分子模拟研究. 同时利用众所周知的DLVO理论研究颗粒之间的有效相互作用. 另外研究了温度、微离子价态和胶体粒子对溶液相稳定性的影响. 结果表明,在较高的温度下悬浮液更稳定. 另一方面,低价态的微离子更有利于形成稳定的悬浮液. 对于高电荷的微离子,平均每个集合体中的聚集体的数量和颗粒数更高,较大的胶体粒子稳定性差. 理论结果与表面曲率影响的理论公式有很好的一致性.     

新型仿生蜂窝结构的设计与耐撞性能分析

受自然界毛竹微观结构的启发,在传统圆管与六边形管的基础上引入内管及双菱形肋骨,通过拓扑衍生方法设计了两种新型仿生蜂窝结构。在此基础上利用有限元软件ABAQUS对新型仿生蜂窝的耐撞性进行数值模拟,研究了蜂窝单胞构型、蜂窝壁厚、双菱形肋骨夹角对仿生蜂窝耐撞性能的影响。此外,基于超折叠单元理论,建立了仿生蜂窝结构的理论分析模型。结果表明:仿生蜂窝的面外压缩耐撞性能优于传统圆形蜂窝和传统六边形蜂窝。新型仿生六边形蜂窝的比吸能相比传统六边形蜂窝提高51.18%,压缩力效率提高53.14%。仿生蜂窝结构的平均压缩力理论预测结果与数值模拟结果吻合,两者间的误差均在10%以内。单胞构型为六边形的仿生蜂窝的耐撞性能优于圆形仿生蜂窝。适当增加仿生蜂窝壁厚或增大双菱形肋骨夹角,均有利于提高结构的耐撞性能。