Uptake of Pharmaceutical Pollutants and Their Metabolites from Soil Fertilized with Manure to Parsley Tissues

Manure is a major source of soil and plant contamination with veterinary drugs residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uptake of 14 veterinary pharmaceuticals by parsley from soil fertilized with manure. Pharmaceutical content was determined in roots and leaves. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for targeted analysis. Screening analysis was performed to identify transformation products in the parsley tissues. A solid-liquid extraction procedure was developed combined with solid-phase extraction, providing recoveries of 61.9–97.1% for leaves and 51.7–95.6% for roots. Four analytes were detected in parsley: enrofloxacin, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline. Enrofloxacin was detected at the highest concentrations (13.4–26.3 ng g⁻¹). Doxycycline accumulated mainly in the roots, tylosin in the leaves, and sulfamethoxazole was found in both tissues. 14 transformation products were identified and their distribution were determined. This study provides important data on the uptake and transformation of pharmaceuticals in plant tissues.     

木槿花期花瓣生理生化变化的研究

为探明高等植物花期花瓣的生理生化动态变化,以木槿花为材料,测定了自然花期中花瓣部分生理生化指标.结果表明:在整个木槿单花花期(一个白昼)中,花瓣浸出液的相对电导率(REC)和花瓣中丙二醛(MDA)含量持续上升,在花瓣开始萎蔫的20:00时达到最高峰;花瓣中花青素含量在8:00~10:00时较低,12:00时含量升高并维持平台期,18:00时后迅速下降;花瓣中还原性糖含量和花瓣干鲜比(DW/FW)的变化均为单峰曲线,DW/FW峰值出现在16:00时,还原性糖含量14:00时最高;花瓣超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率的变化为双峰曲线,峰值分别在8:00时与16:00时、12:00时与16:00时.     

调控源库关系对砂仁可溶性糖、淀粉含量和果实产量的影响

以西双版纳热带雨林下生长的砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour)为材料,研究了人为调控源库关系对砂仁产量和植株可溶性糖、淀粉含量的影响.结果表明:去叶减源和去花减库均使砂仁根、茎和叶的可溶性糖和淀粉含量下降,果实产量降低;去笋减库使叶、根的可溶性糖和淀粉含量稍有升高,对其他参数影响不大;人工授粉增库使茎和叶可溶性糖和淀粉含量降低、根的升高,砂仁产量显著提高;去果减库使砂仁产量显著降低.砂仁叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量与果实产量呈正相关,根和茎可溶性糖和淀粉含量与果实产量呈负相关,但均未达到显著水平,表明热带雨林环境中的砂仁植株光合源对砂仁产量的影响不大,库容是限制砂仁产量的主导因素.     

FTIR/ATR光谱快速测定糖厂废水COD

利用FTIR/ATR光谱技术建立糖厂废水化学需氧量(COD)的快速测量方法.基于光谱Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑和偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立光谱优化模型.建立计算机算法平台,把540种平滑模式和1-40的PLS因子数任意组合分别建立SG-PLS模型,预测效果最优的模型平滑模式为2阶导数平滑,6次多项式,51...     

硅对叶螨危害后棉花防御酶活性的调控作用及其与抗虫性的关系

以棉花品种新陆早33号感染土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov ＆ Nikolski））作个案研究,阐明硅提高棉花抗螨性的生理机理。网室条件下采用微区试验设计,硅肥采用喷施和基施处理,研究不同时间棉花的虫害指数、干物质积累量和硅含量,以及与植物抗性密切相关的过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PP0）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性变化。结果显示：不同施硅处理缓解了棉花叶片受叶螨危害的症状,在接种叶螨第6天硅处理降低了叶片受害指数;施硅处理提高了PPO和PAL的活性,而降低了参与清除植物体内活性氧功能的POD活性。硅能够调控棉花与抗虫有关的酚类物质代谢过程,参与植物防卫反应而增强棉花对土耳其斯坦叶螨的抗性。     

比色法测定乳粉中乳糖含量

比色法测定乳粉中乳糖含量与Lane—Eynon法进行了比较。两种测定方法所得的结果不存在差异(α= 0.05)。比色测定时线性关系较好(γ=0.9629),其回收率(99.38%～100.67%)和精密度(Cv=0.65%)均较满意,重现性较Lane—Eynon法明显提高,具有操作简便、耗样量少及精确度高等优点。     

抗坏血酸对大豆某些生理指标的影响

在相等土壤肥力和相同体积花盆中培养的大豆幼苗,分别用浓度5、10、20mmol.L-1的抗坏血酸(VC)和自来水(CK)浇灌,18d后逐步测定正在扩张生长期的叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶(NRA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性.结果表明:10mmol.L-1 VC处理的大豆叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,SOD酶活性比CK均有所提高;3个处理的硝酸还原酶(NRA)活性均比CK有所增大;10mmol.L-1 VC处理对POD酶活性影响不明显.     

Biochemical and Molecular Investigation of the Effect of Saponins and Terpenoids Derived from Leaves of Ilex aquifolium on Lipid Metabolism of Obese Zucker Rats

Ilex paraguariensis, the holly tree, is a plant with recognized biological properties, whose aqueous infusions are known as “Yerba mate”, that regulate lipid metabolism, reduce obesity, and improve brain stimulation. In the present study, the effect of standardized saponin and terpenoid fractions of a European taxon, Ilex aquifolium, on blood biochemical parameters in a rat model of metabolic disorder, (fa/fa) Zucker, are presented. The profiles of the volatile fractions of two species and six European varieties of Ilex were investigated. After selecting the best variety, the saponin and terpenoid fractions were isolated and standardized, and animals were fed 10 mg kg⁻¹ b.w. for 8 weeks. A statistically significant decrease in liver adiposity was observed, confirmed by histology and quantitative identification (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of hepatic lipids. RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression in the aorta revealed that the administration of the terpenoid fraction downregulated LOX-1, suggesting a reduction in atherosclerotic stimuli. In addition, a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in PPARγ for the saponin fraction was observed in the liver. The expression of the ACAT-1 gene in the liver, responsible for the formation of cholesterol esters, increased significantly in the group receiving the terpenoid fraction compared to the control, which was also confirmed by the analysis of individual blood biochemical parameters. The opposite effect was observed for saponins. Taking the above into account, it is shown for the first time that Ilex aquifolium can be a source of compounds that positively influence lipid metabolism.     

Precise Quantification of Molybdate In Vitro by the FRET-Based Nanosensor ‘MolyProbe’

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element in all kingdoms of life. Mo is bioavailable as the oxyanion molybdate and gains biological activity in eukaryotes when bound to molybdopterin, forming the molybdenum cofactor. The imbalance of molybdate homeostasis results in growth deficiencies or toxic symptoms within plants, fungi and animals. Recently, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods have emerged, monitoring cellular and subcellular molybdate distribution dynamics using a genetically encoded molybdate-specific FRET nanosensor, named MolyProbe. Here, we show that the MolyProbe system is a fast and reliable in vitro assay for quantitative molybdate determination. We added a Strep-TagII affinity tag to the MolyProbe protein for quick and easy purification. This MolyProbe is highly stable, resistant to freezing and can be stored for several weeks at 4 °C. Furthermore, the molybdate sensitivity of the assay peaked at low nM levels. Additionally, The MolyProbe was applied in vitro for quantitative molybdate determination in cell extracts of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the fungus Neurospora crassa and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results show the functionality of the Arabidopsis thaliana molybdate transporter MOT1.1 and indicate that FRET-based molybdate detection is an excellent tool for measuring bioavailable Mo.     

In vitro metabolism study of Strychnos alkaloids using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with hybrid ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

In this report, the in vitro metabolism of Strychnos alkaloids was investigated using liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the first time. Strychnine and brucine were selected as model compounds to determine the universal biotransformations of the Strychnos alkaloids in rat liver microsomes. The incubation mixtures were separated by a bidentate‐C₁₈ column, and then analyzed by on‐line ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. With the assistance of mass defect filtering technique, full‐scan accurate mass datasets were processed for the discovery of the related metabolites. The structural elucidations of these metabolites were achieved by comparing the changes in accurate molecular masses, calculating chemical component using Formula Predictor software and defining sites of biotransformation based upon accurate MSⁿ spectral information. As a result, 31 metabolites were identified, of which 26 metabolites were reported for the first time. These biotransformations included hydroxylation, N‐oxidation, epoxidation, methylation, dehydrogenation, de‐methoxylation, O‐demethylation, as well as hydrolysis reactions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.