橘青霉侵染对杨梅果实酚类物质代谢作用的影响

以采前套袋控制病原菌潜伏侵染的杨梅果实为材料,采后接种橘青霉病菌,旨在研究橘青霉侵染对杨梅果实酚类物质含量及相关氧化酶活性变化的影响。结果表明:橘青霉侵染初期,杨梅果实细胞多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈上升趋势,酚类物质快速合成以提高自身的抗病能力。而同时期苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性并没有相应增加,反而下降较快,致使木质素合成受阻,说明橘青霉侵染虽然诱导杨梅果实产生一定的抗病性,但这种抗病能力有限。贮藏中后期,虽然POD活性略有下降,PPO活性保持平稳,但二者始终处于较高水平,从而导致前期积累的酚类物质被大量降解,加上前期木质素合成受阻的影响,橘青霉更容易穿透杨梅果实细胞壁,进入细胞组织内繁殖生长,最终导致果实腐败。     

Investigation of the Oxidation of Serum Albumin by Iodine

In studies of metabolism using serum albumin labelled with iodine (I¹³¹ and I¹²⁵) the question of the biological equivalence of the labelled material is of decisive importance. Changes of the chemical and biological characteristic of various proteins after iodination have been found by a number of workers [1–4], especially with reference to chromatographic behaviour, rate of metabolism in the organism and content of thiol. Oxidation of sulphhydryl groups can lead to interchain disulphide bridge-linkage and the formation of molecule aggregates.     

大鼠再生肝8种细胞的葡萄糖代谢基因转录谱预示的代谢活动

为了解大鼠肝再生中8种肝脏细胞的葡萄糖代谢基因转录谱及其预示的葡萄糖代谢活动,用percoll密度梯度离心结合免疫磁珠分选方法分离大鼠再生肝的8种细胞,用RatGenome2302.0芯片等检测上述细胞的葡萄糖代谢基因在大鼠肝再生中的表达变化,用H-Cluster软件分析基因表达模式,用生物信息学和系统生物学等方法分析基因表达变化预示的生理活动.结果表明,48个葡萄糖代谢基因在大鼠肝再生中发生了有意义的表达变化,其中上调、下调和上/下调的基因数分别为20、14、14,上述细胞的相应基因数为14、8和0,11、6和0,6、4和0,7、11和0,11、6和2,6、5和1,12、5和0,9、9和1,呈现21种表达相关性.上述葡萄糖代谢基因转录谱预示,肝细胞和库普弗细胞的3-磷酸甘油醛合成增多,肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞的烯醇式丙酮酸合成增多,肝星形细胞、窦内皮细胞、库普弗细胞、陷窝细胞和树突状细胞的通过三羧酸循环产生ATP活动增强.结论:大鼠肝再生与葡萄糖代谢密切相关.     

中国食糖名义保护率的测算:1994～2006

利用世界银行2006年启动的通过降低农业干预减贫2期项目中的研究方法,测度了中国食糖1994~2006年的名义保护率(NRA)和农户层面上的名义保护率(NRAf),以此来判断农业贸易自由化对中国食糖生产者的影响程度。研究结果发现,多数年份我国对食糖批发商是正保护,而对农民则实行的是负保护。这表明,食糖生产者获得的价格低于自由市场价格,贸易政策改革具有严重的扭曲性,食糖生产者承担了很重的隐性税收。相反,食糖批发市场受到的保护和干预程度则较高。所以,今后国内政策改革的重点应该加大食糖收购价格的力度,降低食糖边境措施的干预强度,以此来提高农民收入水平和降低贸易扭曲程度。     

HACCP在亚硫酸法白砂糖生产中的应用

根据食品安全HACCP管理系统的原理,结合亚硫酸法生产白砂糖的工艺流程,分析亚硫酸法白砂糖生产过程中可能存在的危害因素,确立相应的HACCP关键控制点及判断依据,建立可操作的HACCP监控措施和纠偏措施,以及亚硫酸法白砂糖生产HACCP文件和记录,以规范白砂糖的生产管理,提高白砂糖产品的质量.     

Simulation of chemical metabolism for fate and hazard assessment. I. Approach for simulating metabolism

Information regarding the metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals plays a central role in regulatory risk assessments. In regulatory programmes where metabolism studies are required, the studies of metabolic pathways are often incomplete and the identification of activated metabolites and important degradation products are limited by analytical methods. Because so many more new chemicals are being produced than can be assessed for potential hazards, setting assessment priorities among the thousands of untested chemicals requires methods for predictive hazard identification which can be derived directly from chemical structure and their likely metabolites. In a series of papers we are sharing our experience in the computerized management of metabolic data and the development of simulators of metabolism for predicting the environmental fate and (eco)toxicity of chemicals. The first paper of the series presents a knowledge-based formalism for the computer simulation of non-intermediary metabolism for untested chemicals, with an emphasis on qualitative and quantitative aspects of modelling metabolism.     

Studies on the Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activities of 13‐cis‐Retinoyl Sugar Derivatives

New retinoyl sugar derivatives of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid were synthesized in three ways in this paper in order to enhance pharmacal effects, especially antiproliferative activities of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid. Their structures were confirmed by IR, ¹H‐NMR, ¹³C‐NMR, and MS spectra and their antiproliferative activities were determined in vitro using human cancer lines. Results showed that some compounds possessed potential antitumor activities.     

Syntheses of 2‐Keto‐3‐deoxy‐D‐xylonate and 2‐Keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐arabinonate as Stereochemical Probes for Demonstrating the Metabolic Promiscuity of Sulfolobus solfataricus Towards D‐Xylose and L‐Arabinose

Practical syntheses of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐D ‐xylonate (D ‐KDX) and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐L ‐arabinonate (L ‐KDA) that rely on reaction of the anion of ethyl 2‐[(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]‐2‐(dimethoxy phosphoryl) acetate with enantiopure glyceraldehyde acetonide, followed by global deprotection of the resultant O‐silyl‐enol esters, have been developed. This has enabled us to confirm that a 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐D ‐gluconate aldolase from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus demonstrates good activity for catalysis of the retro‐aldol cleavage of both these enantiomers to afford pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. The stereochemical promiscuity of this aldolase towards these enantiomeric aldol substrates confirms that this organism employs a metabolically promiscuous pathway to catabolise the C5‐sugars D ‐xylose and L ‐arabinose.     

冬眠及外源维生素C对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)稚鳖能量代谢的影响

观测了冬眠前饲料中添加外源维生素C(Vc)对冬眠中华鳖稚鳖能量代谢的影响.结果发现外源Vc不能提高冬眠期间中华鳖的存活率(P=0.57).稚鳖个体在冬眠期间生长能的平均值为-0.15 kJ.d-1,该值与代谢耗能相当.鳖体蛋白、脂肪、水分和灰分质量分数w在冬眠前后无显著差异(P>0.05),外源Vc对鳖的体组成没有明显影响(P>0.05).冬眠8周后,肝脏线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX)和肝脏乳酸锐氢酶(LDH)的活性显著下降(P<0.05).饲料外源Vc对肝脏线粒体蛋白含量、肝脏线粒体COX和LDH的活性均无影响(P>0.05).     

Differential effects of various trivalent and pentavalent organic and inorganic arsenic species on glucose metabolism in isolated kidney cells

We have compared the acute toxicities of the trivalent arsenic species arsenite, oxophenylarsine (PhAsO), 2-chlorovinyloxoarsine (ClvinAsO), methyloxoarsine (MeAsO), and of the pentavalent arsenic species arsenate, methyl- and phenyl-arsonic acid in rat kidney tubules (RKT) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In RKT, PhAsO (1 μmol I⁻¹, 60 min) almost completely (>90%) blocked gluconeogenesis without affecting cell viability as assessed by dye exclusion. In MDCK cells, PhAsO (2 μmol I⁻¹) markedly inhibited glucose uptake (60% of controls) within 30 min, while cell viability, as assessed by formazan formation, was not affected within 180 min. MeAsO and CIvinAsO were similarly effective to PhAsO in both RKT and MDCK cells. Estimated IC₅₀ values for the inhibition of gluconeogenesis were 0.55 (PhAsO), 0.69 (CIvinAsO) and 0.99 μmol I⁻¹ (MeAsO) and for the inhibition of glucose uptake 1.23 (PhAsO). 2.62 (CIvinAsO) and 6.99 μmol I⁻¹ (MeAsO). At longer storage times, aqueous solutions of MeAsO and of CIvinAsO, but not of PhAsO, gradually lost toxic activity in RKT and MDCK cells, especially at alkaline pH. Concomitantly, a gradual decrease in content as assessed by HPLC was detected. Roughly 10-fold higher concentrations of arsenite than of PhAsO were required for comparable effects on gluconeogenesis in RKT, whereas in MDCK cells about 100-fold higher concentrations were needed for similar inhibition of glucose uptake. Pentavalent arsenate and phenylarsonate were two orders of magnitude less effective than PhAsO in RKT, while methylarsonate had virtually no influence on gluconeogenic activity. In MDCK cells the pentavalent arsenic species showed effects only in the millimolar range. It is concluded (1) that different mechanisms are involved in the acute toxicity of oxoarsines and inorganic arsenic and (2) that PhAsO offers advantages as a model substance for mono-substituted trivalent arsenicals, because it is more stable and more readily detectable.