Phase separation of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) to liquid crystal and isotropic solution in various helicogenic solvents

Solvent effects on the phase separation of poly(-benzyl L-glutamate) to liquid crystal and isotropic solution have been observed in various helicogenic solvents. The temperature-composition phase diagrams have been determined for each solution. The critical concentrations, ₂ ^* , at which the phase separation occours have been compared in various solvents. In dimethylformamide in which the polymer is molecularly dispersed, the observed ₂ ^* value has agreed with that calculated by Flory's theory. In some solvents in which the polymer aggregates in a head-to-tail mode such as chloroform, the observed ₂ ^* values have been considerably small. It is assumed that the polymer aggregates behave as longer particles than the original particles. In dioxane in which the polymer aggregates highly both in a head-to-tail and a side-by-side modes, the ₂ ^* value has been a little larger than that in chloroform. In this case the relationship between the aggregation and the liquid crystal formation is so complicated that further investigation is necessary. In aromatic solvents such asm-cresol that dissolves the polymer almost molecularly, the ₂ ^* is smaller than that in dimethylformamide. Therefore, the intermolecular interactions between the phenyl groups in the side groups of the polymer and those in solvent molecules must be considered.The author is grateful to Mr. K. Sano and Mr. M. Watanabe for their observation of the liquid crystal formation.     

Solid-solute phase equilibria in aqueous solution. VI. Solubilities,complex formation,and ion-interaction parameters for the system Na+−Mg2+−ClO 4 − −CO2−H2O at 25°C

The stoichiometric solubility constant of eitelite (NaMg _0.5 CO ₃ +2H⁺ ⇄ Na⁺+0.5Mg ²⁺ +CO ₂ (g)+H ₂ O, log^*K _pso ^I =14.67±0.03 was determined at I=3 m (mol kg⁻¹) (NaClO ₄ ) and 25°C. The stability of magnesium (hydrogen-)carbonato complexes in this ionic medium was explicitely taken into account. Consequently, trace activity coefficients of free ionic species, calculated from the Pitzer model with ion-interaction parameters from the literature, were sufficient for an evaluation of the thermodynamic solubility constants and Gibbs energies of formation for eitelite (−1039.88±0.60), magnesite (−1033.60±0.40), hydromagnesite (−1174.30±0.50), nesquehonite (−1724.67±0.40), and brucite (−835.90±0.80 kJ-mol ⁻¹ ). The increasing solubilities of nesquehonite and eitelite at higher sodium carbonate molalities were explained by invoking a magnesium dicarbonato complex (Mg²⁺+2CO ₃ ²⁻ ⇄ Mg(CO₃) ₂ ²⁻ , log β_z = 3.90 ± 0.08). A set of ion-interaction parameters was obtained from solubility and dissociation constants for carbonic acid in 1 to 3.5 m NaClO ₄ media which reproduce these constants to 0.02 units in log K. The following Pitzer parameters are consistent with the previously studied formation of magnesium (hydrogen-)carbonato complexes in 3m NaClO ₄ . The model and Gibbs functions of solid phases derived here reproduce original solubility data (−log [H⁺], [Mg ²⁺ ] _tot ) measured in perchlorate medium within experimental uncertainty. Presented at the XXII International Conference on Solution Chemistry, July 14–19, 1991, Linz, Austria.     

Effect of arrangement of the styryl fragment on the optical properties and complexation of mono-and bis(styryl)-substituted <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylpyridinium perchlorates containing benzo-15-crown-5 ether moieties

Using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and steady-state and time-resolved electronic spectroscopy, the optical properties of mono-and bis(styryl)pyridinium perchlorates and their complexes with Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺ cations were studied. The stability constants of the complexes were determined using spectrophotometric titration. The formation of inclusion complexes for Mg²⁺ and sandwich type complexes for Ba²⁺ results in fluorescence enhancement and increases the lifetimes of the excited states of the initial bis-styryl ligands. The variation of position of the styryl fragment in the pyridinium aromatic ring gives rise to photochromic crown ethers with different optical and photophysical characteristics and is also an easy route to bis(crown-ethers) of symmetrical and unsymmetrical structure. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2092–2100, November, 2007.     

钯催化下有机锡化合物的偶联反应在碳-碳键形成过程中的应用

本文述评了最近几年来钯催化的有机锡化合物与有机亲电试剂的交叉偶联反应在有机合成中用于碳-碳键形成的主要研究成果。主要讨论了直接交叉偶联反应,CO或烯键插入的交叉偶联反应和机理。     

Phase-transfer catalytic activity of soluble polystyrenes containing crown ether moieties and hydroxyl groups adjacent to the macrorings

Soluble polystyrenes with crown ether structures and hydroxyl groups adjacent to the macrorings were prepared by the reaction of epoxide-containing polystyrenes with monoaza-15-crown-5 or monoaza-18-crown-6. Rate of formation of the polymer-bound alkali cation-crown alkoxide ion pair from the soluble polystyrenes and aqueous NaOH or KOH depended on the loading of crown ether and hydroxyl units and on the size of the macroring. The elimination of HCl from less reactive 2-chloroethylbenzene with aqueous NaOH or KOH in the presence of the soluble polystyrene catalysts under two-phase conditions was limited mainly by the intrinsic reaction rate. The elimination of HBr from more reactive 2-bromoethylbenzene in the presence of the less (11%) ring-substituted polymer catalyst with 18-crown unit was limited by the alkoxide formation rate. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate: Mechanism of particle formation

The mechanism for the formation of micron-size polymer particles in the dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate was investigated by applying dynamic light scattering to monitor the evolution of the average particle size in the early stages of the polymerization. In addition, the contributions of physically adsorbed stabilizer and graft copolymer were evaluated by measuring the bound, unbound (adsorbed), and free stabilizer, and by determining the amount of added stabilizer required in seeded dispersion polymerizations. Twenty nanometer particles (termed nuclei) were the smallest particles detected and are considered to be formed by aggregation of growing polymer chains precipitating from solution as they exceed their critical chain length. Aggregation of these nuclei with themselves and their aggregates continues until mature and stable particles are formed. This occurs when sufficient stabilizer occupies the particle surface which includes both the polymeric stabilizer [poly(vinylpyrrolidone)] and its graft copolymer which is created in situ. The effects of process variables are discussed based on this mechanistic picture of the dispersion polymerization process. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Micelle formation of ethoxylated nonyl-phenols in aqueous solutions

The micelle formation of nonyl-phenols with various numbers of ethoxy groups (n _EO=10–40) was investigated in aqueous solutions and the study was focussed on the effect of temperature (293–323 K), the chain length and the inorganic electrolyte (NaCl) on the critical micelle concentration (c.m.c).The c.m.c. was determined by surface tension and interfacial tension measurements in a water/n-octane system. On the basis of the actual c.m.c. and its temperature dependence the thermodynamic functions of micelle formation (H° _m,S°_m,G°_m) were also calculated. The latter study comprised the determination of the thermodynamic function for unity ethoxy groups ((Y° _m)) as a function ofn _EO.According to the experimental results the micellar solutions are the more stable, the smaller the number of ethoxy groups in the tenside molecule and the higher the temperature as well as the electrolyte content of the system.     

Volume and compressibility changes of complex formation between 18-Crown-6 and NaCl,KCl, and CsCl in water

The apparent molal volumes and compressibilities of NaCl, KCl, and CsCl in mixtures of 18-Crown-6 and water have been calculated from density and speed-of-sound measurements at 25°C. The partial molal volumes and compressibilities of the salts when all cations have formed complexes with 18-Crown-6 molecules have been evaluated. The sign and magnitude of the volume and compressibility changes of complex formation strongly suggest that the charge of the cation becomes very effectively screened by the crown ether.     

Optically clear simultaneous interpenetrating polymer networks based on poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and epoxy. I. Preparation and characterization

Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate was synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) of molecular weight 600 with acryloyl chloride in a molar ratio of 1:2. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) in various ratios, followed by curing with 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and isophronediamine (IPDA) simultaneously. Viscosity changes before and during IPN formation were examined with a Brookfield viscometer. Formation of H-bonding and functional group changes were investigated with FTIR. Exothermic curing thermograms were recorded with dynamic DSC. Optically clear IPNs thus obtained were characterized with rheometric dynamic spectroscopy (RDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to check possible compatibility of the two networks. Experimental results revealed that during IPN formation hydrogen bonds between PEGDA and DGEBA and interlock of networks had profound effect on viscosity change and pot-life. Complete compatibility of the IPNs was found as DGEBA content was higher than 50% by weight. The compatibility between PEGDA and DGEBA networks was evidenced from inner shift of a single damping peak in RDS. In the meantime, SEM micrographs confirmed the coincidence with the result of RDS © 1992 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.     

Binding of hexacyanoferrate(II) by aliphatic amines in aqueous solution

The stability of hexacyanoferrate(II)-amine(methylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and tetraethylenepentamine) was determined potentiometrically. Species Fe(CN)₆(A)H _j ^(j–4) (A=amine) are formed in all the systems investigated, with j=1...n+2 (n=number of aminogroups). Some other complexes Fe(CN)₆(A)_iH_j (with i>1) were also found. The stability of these complexes is fairly high: the full protonated amine species, show for the reaction Fe(CN)₆ ^4- + H_nAⁿ⁺ = Fe(CN)₆(A)H_n ^(n-4) an equilibrium constant given by logK=0.686+2.10n. Factors affecting the stability are discussed in comparison with similar systems, together with the importance of interferences.