Micro‐Raman and stratigraphic studies of the paintings on the ‘Cembalo’ model musical instrument (A.D. 1650) and laser‐induced degradation of the detected pigments

Micro‐fragments of the painted part of the ‘Cembalo’ model by Michele Todini (1625–1689) are investigated. The technique used for painting the terracotta base was studied via the stratigraphic analyses. No background layer of inorganic materials, e.g. gypsum, was found. To prevent absorption effects due to the terracotta porosity, a very thin layer of proteinaceous material was probably used. The micro‐Raman analyses have revealed the use of pigments currently used in the post‐Renaissance period (lead white, indigo, yellow of iron hydroxide, gypsum, hematite and carbon black) mixed with a pigment, the Prussian blue, discovered in A.D . 1704. This raises the authenticity problem of the work of art, a problem analysed and discussed in presenting the history of the work of art, and after the pigment study. The presence of degraded lead white is recognized via the laser‐induced degradation of the irradiated material. The possibility of a restoring action of the painted parts, as opposite to the non‐originality of the work, is considered and discussed. Since most part of the investigated pigments shows laser‐induced effects, a careful study of this phenomenon is performed by using the modern counterparts of the ancient pigments. For different laser powers, the temperatures of the investigated zones have been obtained via the detailed balance principle and connected to the laser‐induced degradation effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

透明导电氧化物的原理、问题与研究分析

现代光电子产品和能源技术都大量使用透明导电氧化物（TCO）薄膜.由于太阳能电池、平板显示器、发光二极管、短波长激光器、节能玻璃窗等应用领域日益增长的需求,TCO薄膜获得了越来越广泛的应用.文章总结了TCO薄膜的功能原理、应用需求和当前的研究方向,重点分析了p型TCO薄膜研究所要解决的关键问题（其中包括掺杂非对称性,性能退化与缺陷的生成,结构和变化的关系）,指出了p型TCO薄膜制备的关键因素,研究的热点问题和蕴藏的研究机会.     

X射线探测器图像的恢复研究

图像退化是引起X射线探测器图像质量下降的主要原因。图像恢复,可以提高系统的分辨率和对比度灵敏度。通过对射线成像系统图像退化的分析,介绍了反滤波信号恢复方法,并提出了一种近似恢复算法,该算法将反滤波恢复近似为除法运算的恢复。给出了恢复前后的图像及标准差的对比,实验结果表明了该算法的有效性。     

磁力负刚度薄膜结构低频吸声特性

针对背腔深度较小的薄膜吸声结构难以实现低频吸声的问题,提出了磁力负刚度的解决方法。采用传递矩阵法,建立了负刚度薄膜吸声结构理论模型,分析得出该结构的声阻抗等同与大背腔常规薄膜吸声结构的声阻抗;阻抗管实验验证得出,在一定磁场条件下,不同背腔的负刚度薄膜吸声结构与无负刚度结构相比其共振频率显著下降,吸声系数曲线与理论结构吻合。负刚度机制能够降低薄膜吸声结构的共振频率,用较小背腔实现低频吸声,从而实现薄型低频吸声结构设计。     

Dynamic instability of collective myosin Ⅱ motors

Some kinds of muscles can oscillate spontaneously,which is related to the dynamic instability of the collective motors.Based on the two-state ratchet model and with consideration of the motor stiffness,the dynamics of collective myosin Ⅱmotors are studied.It is shown that when the motor stiffness is small,the velocity of the collective motors decreases monotonically with load increasing.When the motor stiffness becomes large,dynamic instability appears in the forcevelocity relationship of the collective-motor transport.For a large enough motor stiffness,the zero-velocity point lies in the unstable range of the force-velocity curve,and the motor system becomes unstable before the motion is stopped,so spontaneous oscillations can be generated if the system is elastically coupled to its environment via a spring.The oscillation frequency is related to the motor stiffness,motor binding rate,spring stiffness,and the width of the ATP excitation interval.For a medium motor stiffness,the zero-velocity point lies outside the unstable range of the force-velocity curve,and the motion will be stopped before the instability occurs.     

Degradation of 4-chloro 2-aminophenol using combined strategies based on ultrasound,photolysis and ozone

The present work investigates the degradation of 4-chloro 2-aminophenol (4C2AP), a highly toxic organic compound, using ultrasonic reactors and combination of ultrasound with photolysis and ozonation for the first time. Two types of ultrasonic reactors viz. ultrasonic horn and ultrasonic bath operating at frequency of 20 kHz and 36 kHz respectively have been used in the work. The effect of initial pH, temperature and power dissipation of the ultrasonic horn on the degradation rate has been investigated. The established optimum parameters of initial pH as 6 (natural pH of the aqueous solution) and temperature as 30 ± 2 °C were then used in the degradation studies using the combined approaches. Kinetic study revealed that degradation of 4C2AP followed first order kinetics for all the treatment approaches investigated in the present work. It has been established that US + UV + O₃ combined process was the most promising method giving maximum degradation of 4C2AP in both ultrasonic horn (complete removal) and bath (89.9%) with synergistic index as 1.98 and 1.29 respectively. The cavitational yield of ultrasonic bath was found to be eighteen times higher as compared to ultrasonic horn implying that configurations with higher overall areas of transducers would be better selection for large scale treatment. Overall, the work has clearly demonstrated that combined approaches could synergistically remove the toxic pollutant (4C2AP).     

Ultrasonic-assisted degradation of phenazopyridine with a combination of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and inorganic oxidants

Pure and samarium doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a sonochemical method and characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, Pl, and DRS techniques. The average crystallite size of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was about 20 nm. The sonocatalytic activity of pure and Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was considered toward degradation of phenazopyridine as a model organic contaminant. The Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles with Sm concentration of 0.4 mol% indicated a higher sonocatalytic activity (59%) than the pure ZnO (51%) and other Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles. It was believed that Sm³⁺ ion with optimal concentration (0.4 mol%) can act as superficial trapping for electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and delayed the recombination of charge carriers. The influence of the nature and concentration of various oxidants, including periodate, hydrogen peroxide, peroxymonosulfate, and peroxydisulfate on the sonocatalytic activity of Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles was studied. The influence of the oxidants concentration (0.2–1.4 g L⁻¹) on the degradation rate was established by the 3D response surface and the 2D contour plots. The results demonstrated that the utilizing of oxidants in combination with Sm-doped ZnO resulting in rapid removal of contaminant, which can be referable to a dual role of oxidants; (i) scavenging the generated electrons in the conduction band of ZnO and (ii) creating highly reactive radical species under ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that the Sm-doped ZnO and periodate combination is the most efficient catalytic system under ultrasonic irradiation.     

系统健康管理中的寿命模型仿真研究

在航空、航天、通信等领域,高可靠性和长寿命设计的产品所占比重逐渐增大。性能退化状态评估和剩余使用寿命预测技术在提高该类产品安全性和维护效率、降低全寿命周期成本等方面意义重大。针对当前国内健康管理研究中缺乏寿命及可靠性基础数据的现状,介绍了系统寿命预测的典型过程,重点分析了寿命模型研究和仿真中存在的若干问题,旨在建立实现简单且与实际系统运行过程相似度高的寿命模型的建模方法,为后续系统性能状态评估提供有效的数据支持。     

Surface and interfacial properties of PVDF/acrylic copolymer blends before and after UV exposure

Morphological and chemical properties of both the surface and interface of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate)-co-poly(ethyl acrylate) (PVDF/PMMA-co-PEA) blend films have been investigated before and after the samples were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation using a xenon arc lamp at 50 °C and 9% relative humidity (RH) for 7 months. Surface and interfacial morphologies were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chemical composition information was obtained by confocal Raman microscopy, attenuated total reflection-FTIR spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle measurements. Results show an enrichment of the PVDF material at the air surface, while the acrylic copolymer enriches the interface. Blends having greater than 50% mass fraction of PVDF show little change in the surface morphology after UV exposure for 7 months. However, for a lower PVDF content, blends exhibit significant degradation of PMMA-co-PEA copolymer and a much rougher surface after UV exposure. Microstructural changes in the PVDF spherulites are also observed after UV degradation. It is found that the surface and interfacial morphologies are correlated with the chemical properties.