Σ3 CSL boundary distributions in an austenitic stainless steel subjected to multidirectional forging followed by annealing

The effect of processing and annealing temperatures on the grain boundary characters in the ultrafine-grained structure of a 304-type austenitic stainless steel was studied. An S304H steel was subjected to multidirectional forging (MDF) at 500–800°C to total strains of ~4, followed by annealing at 800–1,000°C for 30 min. The MDF resulted in the formation of ultrafine-grained microstructures with mean grain sizes of 0.28–0.85 μm depending on the processing temperature. The annealing behaviour of the ultrafine-grained steel was characterized by the development of continuous post-dynamic recrystallization including a rapid recovery followed by a gradual grain growth. The post-dynamically recrystallized grain size depended on both the deformation temperature and the annealing temperature. The recrystallization kinetics was reduced with an increase in the temperature of the preceding deformation. The grain growth during post-dynamic recrystallization was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of Σ3ⁿ CSL boundaries, which was defined by a relative change in the grain size, i.e. a ratio of the annealed grain size to that evolved by preceding warm working (D/D₀). The fraction of Σ3ⁿ CSL boundaries sharply rose to approximately 0.5 in the range of D/D₀ from 1 to 5, which can be considered as early stage of continuous post-dynamic recrystallization. Then, the rate of increase in the fraction of Σ3ⁿ CSL boundaries slowed down significantly in the range of D/D₀ > 5. A fivefold increase in the grain size by annealing is a necessary condition to obtain approximately 50% Σ3ⁿ CSL boundaries in the recrystallized microstructure.     

Genetic alloy design based on thermodynamics and kinetics

A theory-guided computational approach for alloy design is presented. Aimed at optimising the desired properties, the microstructure is designed and an alloy composition optimised accordingly, combining criteria based on thermodynamic, thermokinetic and mechanical principles. A genetic algorithm is employed as the optimisation scheme. The approach is applied to the design of ultra-high strength stainless steels. Three composition scenarios, utilising different strengthening precipitates (carbides, Cu and NiAl/Ni₃Ti), are followed. The results are compared to a variety of existing commercial high-end engineering steels, showing that the design strategy presented here may lead to significant improvements in strength beyond current levels.     

哑铃形不锈钢管海砂混凝土长柱轴压承载力分析

为研究哑铃型不锈钢管海砂混凝土长柱轴压性能,以郑州黄河二桥为工程背景,开展该类长柱结构轴压试验研究;通过有限元参数分析,提出该类结构承载力计算简式.研究结果表明:轴向荷载作用下,哑铃形不锈钢管海砂混凝土长柱的破坏模态表现为侧向挠度发展较大的整体失稳破坏;现有相关规范高估了试验构件的稳定系数;提出的稳定系数计算简式可较为...     

奥氏体不锈钢离子渗N组织及性能

采用辉光离子渗N技术对奥氏体不锈钢球阀进行表面氮化处理,改变其表面结构,提高表面耐磨性.选取三组离子渗N的温度,分别为400、440、480 ℃,渗N时间设置为12 h.采用扫描电镜、光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、维氏显微硬度计和材料表面综合测试仪对渗N改性层的表面形貌、截面形貌、显微硬度和耐磨性进行测试.结果表明:离子渗N技术可以大幅提高奥氏体不锈钢的硬度和耐磨性.渗N温度为400 ℃时,渗N改性层最薄,耐磨性最差,480 ℃时渗N改性层最厚、耐磨性最好.     

Geometric dynamic recrystallization of austenitic stainless steel through linear plane-strain machining

ABSTRACT

Type 316L austenitic stainless steel was severely plastically deformed at room temperature using linear plane-strain machining in a single pass that imparted shear strains up to 2.2 at strain rates up to 2?×?10³ s^?1. The resulting microstructures exhibited significant grain size refinement and improved mechanical strength where geometric dynamic recrystallization was identified as the primary microstructural recrystallization mechanism active at high strain rates. This mechanism is rarely observed in low to medium stacking fault energy materials. The critical stress required for twin initiation is raised by the combined effects of refined grain size and the increase in stacking fault energy due to the adiabatic heating of the chip, thus permitting geometric dynamic recrystallization. The suppression of martensite formation was observed and is correlated to the significant adiabatic heating and mechanical stabilisation of the austenitic stainless steel. A gradient of the amount of strain induced martensite formed from the surface towards the interior of the chip. As the strain rate is increased from 4?×?10² s^?1–2?×?10³ s^?1, a grain morphology change was observed from a population of grains with a high fraction of irregular shaped grains to one dominated by elongated grain shapes with a microstructure characterised by an enhanced density of intragranular sub-cell structure, serrated grain boundaries, and no observable twins. As strain rates were increased, the combination of reduction in strain induced martensite and non-uniform intragranular strain led to grain softening where a Hall-Petch relationship was observed with a negative strengthening coefficient of ?0.08?MPa m^1/2.     

不锈钢覆铝板的四层对称轧制复合

运用四层对称轧制复合法对不锈钢覆铝板的生产工艺进行了研究。通过与传统的二层非对称轧制复合对比,发现四层对称轧制复合法的生产效率提高了近１倍,制备的复合板较平直;在试验条件下,四层对称轧制复合时不锈钢、铝的延伸系数相差较小;四层对称轧制复合制备的复合板的结合强度比二层非对称轧制复合的略大。     

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性研究

应用变形速率连续可变式热裂纹试验方法（ＶＤＲ法）研究了碳、钼和稀土元素对奥氏体不锈钢焊缝热裂敏感性的影响。试验结果表明,降低奥氏体不锈钢熔敷金属中的碳含量并加入适量的钼可显著提高焊缝的抗热裂性能。稀土元素对焊缝的抗热裂性也有显著影响,加入适量稀土能减少焊缝中夹杂物的数量和大小,改变其成分及分布,提高抗裂性。但是如果加入过量,焊缝中会形成大量稀土夹杂物,降低奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的抗裂性。     

304奥氏体不锈钢晶界贫Cr的数值模拟

应用基于铬扩散的半经验-半理论公式模型模拟304不锈钢的晶界贫Cr现象。运用该模型不但可以预测不同的热处理温度和时间下304不锈钢热处理过程中晶界上最小Cr的质量分数,而且还可以分析晶界附近Cr的质量分数分布,由模拟结果可进一步得到更宽范围内的温度-时间-质量分数图(TTC)。模拟结果表明:贫Cr区的宽度随敏化时间和温度的增加逐渐变宽;表征材料晶间(应力)腐蚀敏感性的TTC图与参考文献的模拟与实验结果基本一致。     

Bovine serum albumin adsorption onto 316L stainless steel and alumina: a comparative study using depletion,protein radiolabeling,quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy

The importance of protein adsorption on biomaterials is widely recognized, but the dependence of the adsorption results on the chosen technique has not been much addressed. The objective of this work is to compare adsorption data obtained using several techniques under experimental conditions as closely as possible. Two case studies were investigated: adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto 316L stainless steel (SS) and onto alumina. Both materials were used as powders and plates, whose characterization was done through zeta potential (ZP) measurements. The experimental techniques were depletion, protein radiolabeling, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The adsorption isotherms obtained with depletion and QCM‐D techniques, although quantitatively different, present some similarities in shape. Both techniques suggest the existence of a compact end‐on monolayer of protein on the SS surface, while on the alumina surface a less dense side‐on monolayer is formed at lower BSA concentration, followed by a second layer at higher concentration. AFM topographical characterization of the protein films adsorbed on both materials confirms those findings. Further use of AFM in determining the thickness of the film adsorbed on SS yielded values in good agreement with the QDM‐D results. Different surface charges measured on powders and plates do not seem to affect adsorption. Protein radiolabeling seems to be the least reliable technique because it yields, for both materials, adsorption values higher than those from the other techniques. In the case of SS, the difference amounts to one order of magnitude. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of minor alloying elements on the initial stages of oxidation of austenitic stainless steel materials

Surface oxidation of Fe‐19Cr‐17Ni, Fe‐19Cr‐18Ni‐1Al and TiC‐enriched Fe‐19Cr‐18Ni‐1Al alloys was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The experiments were conducted at 323 K in pure O₂ (2.7 × 10^?6 mbar). Composition and morphology of the nanoscale surface oxides were determined quantitatively by inelastic electron background analysis. Moreover, use of synchrotron radiation facilities were necessary to obtain improved sensitivity for studying minor alloying elements such as Al and Si. The results indicate oxygen‐induced segregation of Al, which significantly hinders the oxidation of the major alloying elements Fe and Cr. Ti remains in its inert carbide form. The relative concentration of Fe within the oxide layer was found to increase with the oxide‐layer thickness, indicating greater mobility of Fe relative to other alloying elements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.