Arsenic Speciation in As(III)- and As(V)-Treated Soil Using XANES Spectroscopy

Arsenic (As) is a toxic trace element that occurs naturally in groundwater and soils. Understanding the reactions of arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) with soil and mineral surfaces is critical for predicting the fate and transport of As in the environment and developing better ways to remediate As-contaminated areas. This investigation uses X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) to evaluate the solid phase oxidation state and mineral surface binding sites in three agricultural soil samples from California, USA by fitting linear combinations of XANES spectra derived from several synthetic and well characterized As(III)- and As(V)-treated model compounds (Fe and Al metal hydroxides and aluminosilicate illite clay mineral). The results suggest that As(III) is either partially or completely oxidized to As(V) when reacted with soil in an aqueous, batch reaction. The As(III)-treated Aiken soil was composed of 60% As(III) attached to surfaces similar to lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)) and 40% As(V) attached to aluminosilicate (illite). The Fallbrook soil completely oxidized As(III) and the product was As(V) adsorbed on Al hydroxide (gibbsite, γ-Al(OH)₃) (62%), illite (16%), and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) (22%). The reaction of As(III) with Wyo soil resulted in 42% As(III) adsorbed on surface similar to goethite and 58% As(V) adsorbed on lepidocrocite. Arsenic(V) adsorption on soil resulted in stable As(V) surface complexes that were well described by XANES spectra from As(V) adsorption complexes on gibbsite, illite, and lepidocrocite.     

土壤重金属生物有效性的评价方法

土壤重金属污染已成为人们广泛关注的全球性的环境问题之一。重金属生物有效性已成为污染生态学研究的前沿。对国内外土壤重金属生物有效性评价方法的研究进展作了简要综述，并对今后的研究作了展望。     

Cloud point extraction of napropamide and thiabendazole from water and soil

The micellar extraction and enrichment of napropamide and thiabendazole using Genapol X 80 is described. Combined with their quantification by fluorescence, detection limits below 0.2 g/l with recovery rates of up to 95% were achieved. The recovery could be improved by lowering the extraction temperature and purificaton of the surfactants. This extraction method has been applied to the isolation and preconcentration of napropamide from standard soils. Experimental parameters affecting the recovery rates were examined.     

Determination of mercury in soils and sediments by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with slurry sampling

A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric procedure for the determination of mercury is presented, in which the samples are suspended in a solution containing hydrofluoric and nitric acids. Silver nitrate (4% m/v) and potassium permanganate (3%) are incorporated, in the order specified, and aliquots are directly introduced into the graphite furnace. A fast heating programme with no conventional pyrolysis step is used. The detection limit for mercury in a 125 mg ml⁻¹ suspension is 0.1 μg g⁻¹. Calibration is performed by using aqueous standards. The reliability of the procedure is proved by analysing certified reference materials.     

Semi-micro solvent extraction as a rapid and efficient preconcentration technique for the determination of n-alkanes in oil-contaiminated water and soil samples by capillary gas chromatography

Summary In this study, a rapid and efficient semi-micro extraction procedure is presented for the extraction of some higher n-alkanes from water and soil samples. In the case of water samples n-hexane was used as the organic phase in a phase volume ratio (volume of aqueous phase/volume of organic phase) higher than 285, while in the case of soil samples, extraction with n-hexane was carried out in the presence of an excess of 2 M NaCl solution. The extraction rate from soil samples is very high and is better than Soxhlet extraction, comparable with supercritical fluid extraction. High preconcentration factor in water samples allows the limits of detection to be in the ng.mL⁻¹ level with the use of gas chromatographic analysis. Flame ionization detector was used for monitoring the analytes. The obtained recoveries of all studied compounds from both water and soil samples are higher than 90%. This method was successfully used to determine some n-alkanes in municipal wastewater and contaminated soil.     

软土地基上桩-土-高层结构体系动力特性的振动台试验

为了研究软土地基上桩?土相互作用对高层结构动力特性的影响机理,设计了1：6比例的高层结构?桩?土动力相互作用体系,进行了软土地基上框架结构的模型振动台试验。试验采用层状剪切盒模拟土体的边界,锯末和砂土的混合物作为地基土、以12层钢筋混凝土框架结构模拟上部结构,基础采用3×3群桩基础。通过对比考虑土?结构相互作用（SSI）框架模型和刚性地基框架模型的结构动力特性,总结出本试验中SSI效应对高层框架结构的动力特性影响规律：土体对地震动存在显著的过滤作用,放大土体基频附近的振动,且放大幅度随地震动的加强而减小;小震时土体对加速度峰值起放大作用,而在大震时起减小峰值的作用;考虑SSI效应后,结构的频率降低,阻尼比提高,结构的损伤出现得更晚,发展也更慢。在土体频率处,SSI体系的振型受土体影响显著;在远离土体频率处,SSI体系振型与刚性地基一致。     

结构方程模型在兴安落叶松林生长中的应用

【目的】通过结构方程模型,确定气候、土壤和海拔对兴安落叶松林生长指标的影响以及路径关系。【方法】选取年平均气温、年平均降水量、太阳辐射、土壤全氮含量、土壤有机碳密度和海拔作为影响因素,探究兴安落叶松地上生物量、地下生物量、树高与这些影响因素的关系,并利用AMOS 21.0软件构建衡量兴安落叶松生长的3个指标与气候、土壤和海拔的结构方程模型。【结果】兴安落叶松的地上生物量、地下生物量随着海拔、年平均降水量的增大呈现先增大后减少的趋势,树高随着海拔的增加而增加。地上和地下生物量随着土壤有机碳密度的增加而增加。海拔对兴安落叶松生长的总效应系数为0.200且是正向效应,海拔对兴安落叶松生长的直接效应(0.224)大于间接效应(-0.024);气候因子对兴安落叶松林生长的总影响系数为-0.771且是负向效应;土壤因子对兴安落叶松生长的总影响系数为-0.216,其对兴安落叶松林生长起到一定的抑制作用。【结论】根据结构方程模型的路径系数,气候因子的总影响系数绝对值最大,其次是土壤和海拔,兴安落叶松林静态生长主要受到气候因子的制约。     

石膏改良盐碱土研究进展

盐碱土因其瘦、板、生、冷、咸等作物生长障碍性特征而不宜耕种,但“端牢中国饭碗”的国家粮食安全战略则要求必须加大力度“向盐碱地要粮”。实践证明,施用天然或工业副产品石膏可有效改善盐碱土性状,从而提高盐碱地生产力。本研究梳理100多年来国内外相关研究进展,总结了现有石膏改良盐碱土的研究成果,拟为石膏改良盐碱土技术体系的完善和全面推广提供理论依据。分析认为,1895年以来开展的大量研究揭示了石膏改良盐碱土以交换过程和固持过程为主的作用机理;建立了多类石膏改良盐碱土适宜施用量计算公式,表明土壤容重、改土层厚度、土壤碱化度和土壤阳离子交换量等是影响石膏适宜施用量的代表性因素;制定了基于土壤盐碱化程度的石膏施用方法,明确了石膏施用对土壤理化生等方面的有益效果。目前,施用石膏改良盐碱土需配套灌溉措施,定额一般为每666.67 m²施用150～200 m³水,最适方式为喷灌或滴灌等持续性灌溉,不同盐碱度土壤及作物特性需要不同的施用量和施用方法及配套灌溉方法。现有的研究和实践成果为盐碱地高效利用提供了有力支撑,但仍需进一步融合统一适宜施用量计算公式,建立跨区域...     

冷水鱼固着类纤毛虫PCR检测方法探讨及感染因素分析

针对冷水鱼养殖中固着类纤毛虫检测难和污染源不明确、种类鉴定难的问题,对冷水鱼养殖环境中固着类纤毛虫的主要寄生种类及感染因素进行调查分析,在不同季节于河北省内采集冷水鱼和水环境样本。首先,采用形态学方法对鱼体及水环境中的固着类纤毛虫进行初步鉴定;然后,建立PCR方法进行分子水平鉴定,并进行系统发育学分析;最后,对冷水鱼感染寄生虫的原因进行分析。形态学鉴定结果表明,冷水鱼寄生的固着类纤毛虫主要有累枝虫(Epistylis sp.)和钟虫(Vorticella sp.)2类;引物设计、敏感性和特异性试验结果显示,建立的寄生虫PCR检测方法有效,测序比对和系统发育分析结果进一步验证了其形态学结果;运用已建立的PCR方法检测出固着类纤毛虫在水环境中高达94.38%,鱼体广泛寄生,感染率达到了100%;且无季节差异,水体中的虫体可能是造成鱼长期感染的原因之一。研究数据可为冷水鱼病害的科学预测、预防和治疗提供依据,同时为冷水鱼养殖产业的可持续发展提供疫病防治参考。     

蛋白质组学技术在动物科学中的研究进展

蛋白质组学在后基因组时代以其独特的角度和重要的作用已成为生命科学领域研究的热点内容。动物科学作为生命科学的一个重要分支,其相关研究对人类的生活有着重要意义。为了系统地了解和展望蛋白质组学技术在动物科学中的研究进展,综述了蛋白质组学的概念及其相关技术,归纳和评析了近年来蛋白质组学在动物繁殖、营养、遗传育种和疾病防治方面的研究现状。