双电层电容器用新型无灰煤(HyperCoal)基活性炭的制备

以无灰煤(HyperCoal)为原料,KOH和CaCO3为活化剂制备了煤基活性炭,采用低温N2吸附法表征了活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,测定了活性炭用作双电层电容器(EDLC)电极材料的电化学性能。考察了炭化温度、活化温度、活化时间和活化剂对活性炭电容特性的影响。研究结果表明,比表面积和比电容随着炭化温度的升高而降低,活化温度过高或活化时间太长对比电容有不利影响。此外,CaCO3影响活化过程中孔的开发,显著降低所制备活性炭的比表面积和比电容。在炭化温度为500℃、活化温度为800℃、KOH与焦的质量比为4∶1和活化时间2 h下所得活性炭的比表面积和总孔容分别达到2 540 m2/g和1.65 cm3/g,该活性炭电极在0.5 mol/L TEABF4/PC电解液中的比电容达到最大值46.0 F/g。     

应力旋转对TJ-1模拟月壤变形特性的影响

登月成功后月球车辆的行驶以及月球基地的建设均涉及到主应力轴旋转问题,为此采用空心圆柱扭剪仪进行了两个系列的主应力轴旋转试验,以研究中主应力系数和平均应力对主应力轴旋转条件下同济一号(TJ-1)模拟月壤变形及非共轴特性的影响.试验系列I中保持平均应力、偏应力比不变,进行了不同中主应力系数的主应力轴旋转试验;系列II则是保持偏应力比、中主应力系数不变,进行了不同平均应力下的主应力轴旋转试验.结果表明中主应力系数、平均应力均对主应力轴旋转过程中TJ-1模拟月壤的变形特性影响显著.着重分析了中主应力系数、平均应力对TJ-1模拟月壤在主应力轴旋转过程中各应变分量、体变的发展趋势以及非共轴特性的影响,以期为登月成功后与月壤相关工程的设计提供参考.     

Scalable activated carbon/graphene based supercapacitors with improved capacitance retention at high current densities

Scalable, highly stable supercapacitor electrodes were developed from the mixture of a tea factory waste based activated carbon (AC) and a low-cost electrochemical exfoliated graphene (EEG). The hybrid electrodes showed notably enhanced stability at high current densities. The AC sample was prepared by chemical method and exposed to a further heat treatment to enhance electrochemical performance. Graphene used in the preparation of hybrid electrodes was obtained by direct electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in an aqueous solution. Detailed structural characterization of AC, EEG, and hybrid material was performed. The original electrochemical performances of AC and EEG were examined in button size cells using an aqueous electrolyte. The hybrid materials were prepared by mixing AC and EEG at different mass percentage ratios, and tested as supercapacitor electrodes under the same conditions. Capacitance stability of the electrodes developed from AC:EEG (70:30) at high currents increased by about 45% compared to the original AC. The highest gravimetric capacitance (110 F/g) was achieved by this hybrid electrode. The hybrid electrode was scaled up to the pouch size and tested using an organic electrolyte. The organic electrolyte was preferred for scaling up due to its wider voltage ranges. The pouch cell had a gravimetric capacitance of 85 F/g and exhibited as good performance as the coin cell in the organic electrolyte.     

基于STC89LE516AD的电子水泡水平尺

该文提出了将倾斜角度及倾斜方向在水平尺上通过发光二极管表现出来的方法.解决了传统水泡水平尺光线暗时难以观察的问题.采用一种液态电极差动电容结构通过单片机STC89LE516AD实现模数转换、数据处理以及相关显示.     

电容传感器处理电路

为减少电容传感器处理电路带来的测量误差,提高仪器的测量精度和稳定性,利用对称平衡电路,选用“零”温漂系数的电容作为参考,用于补偿温度变化引起的电子元器件参数漂移带来的误差;采取“中和电流”的方式,消除本体电容、寄生电容对测量结果的影响,提高了传感器的测量分辨率,降低了处理电路对驱动电缆的要求．实验表明,用1．5m长的电容传感器测量油位,分辨率可达0．1mm,常温下长期稳定性小于0.3mm,与其他处理方式相比,精度从0．8％提高至0．18％．     

High surface area monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles alone and on physical exfoliated graphite for improved supercapacitors

Highly conductive, unsophisticated and easy to be obtained physical exfoliated graphite (PHG) supporting well dispersed magnetite, Fe₃O₄/PHG nanocomposite, has been prepared by a one-step chemical strategy and physico-chemical characterized. The nanocomposite, favoured by the a-polar nanoparticles (NPs) capping, results in a self-assembled monolayer of monodispersed Fe₃O₄, covering perfectly the hydrophobic surfaces of PHG. The nanocomposite as an electrode material was fabricated into a supercapacitor and characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. It shows, after a suitable annealing, significant electrochemical properties (capacitance value of 787 F/g at 0.5 A g⁻¹ and a Fe₃O₄/PHG weight ratio of 0.31) and good cycling stability (retention 91% after 30,000 cycles). Highly monodispersed very fine Fe₃O₄ NPs, covered by organic chains, have been also synthesized. The high surface area Fe₃O₄ NPs, after washing to leave a low content of organic chains able to avoid aggregation without excessively affecting the electrical properties of the material, exhibit remarkable pseudocapacitive activities, including the highest specific capacitance over reported for Fe₃O₄ (300 F/g at 0.5 A g⁻¹).     

有序介孔C/NiO复合材料的合成及其电化学性能

以嵌段共聚物F127(Mw=12600, PEO106PPO70PEO106)为模板剂, Ni(Ac)2·4H2O为Ni源, 低分子量的酚醛树酯为碳源, 通过溶胶-凝胶三元共组装方法合成高度有序介孔C/NiO复合材料. 对样品进行X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N2吸脱附等结构表征及循环伏安(CV)等电化学性能测试. 结果显示, NiO晶体和碳组成了C/NiO复合材料的基本骨架, 该复合材料具有高度有序的介孔结构. NiO晶体的存在极大地提高了复合材料的电化学性能, 当C/NiO达到4:1(苯酚与Ni(Ac)2·4H2O的摩尔比)时复合材料的比电容达到444.1 F·g-1, 而有序的介孔结构并没有被破坏, 使得该材料具有较好的应用前景.     

Surface Modification and Performance of Activated Carbon Electrode Material

A commercial activated carbon was modified by surface treatment using three chemicals, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia, respectively. The modified carbons were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and FTIR spectroscopy. The resultant carbon electrode-based electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) were assembled with 6 mol·L⁻¹ KOH as the electrolyte. The influence of surface modification on the performance of EDLCs was studied by galvanostatic charge-discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and alternating current impedance. The surface modification resulted in no big decrease in specific surface area and little decrease in average pore size, and introduced functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and amidogen, on the carbon surface. These functional groups significantly improved the wettability and reduced the resistance of the activated carbon. As a result, the specific capacitance of the carbon modified with 65% HNO₃ reached 250 F·g⁻¹, 72.4% higher than that of original carbon. The leakage current of testing EDLCs decreased unexpectedly to 3-18 μA, only 0.8%-4.9% that of the original carbon electrode-based EDLC (371 μA).     

Detection and analysis of DNA recapture through a solid-state nanopore

Motion control of a single molecule through a solid-state nanopore offers a new perspective on detecting and analyzing single biomolecules. Repeat recapture of a single DNA molecule reveals the dynamics in DNA translocation through a nanopore and may significantly increase the signal-to-noise ratio for DNA base distin- guishing. However, the transient current at the moment of voltage reversal prevents the observation of instantly recaptured molecules and invalidates the continuous DNA ping-pong control. We performed and analyzed the DNA translocation and recapture experiment in a silicon nitride solid-state nanopore. Numerical calculation of molecular motion clearly shows the recapture dynamics with different delay times. The prohibited time when the data acquisition system is saturated by the transient current is derived by equivalent circuit analysis and finite element simulation. The COMSOL simulation reveals that the membrane capacitance plays an important role in determining the electric field distribution during the charging process. As a result of the transient charging process, a non-constant driving force pulls the DNA back to nanopores faster than theoretically predicted. The observed long time constant in the transient current trace is explained by the dielectric absorption of the membrane capacitor.     

汽车空调压缩机活塞圆柱度测量新方法

给出了圆柱度误差电容形面传感测量原理,运用ANSYS软件对三维实体多导体系统模型的部分电容进行数值分析。基于该原理研制的测量装置对某空调压缩机活塞圆柱度进行了可行性实验验证。