Fullrmc,a rigid body reverse monte carlo modeling package enabled with machine learning and artificial intelligence

A new Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) package “fullrmc” for atomic or rigid body and molecular, amorphous, or crystalline materials is presented. fullrmc main purpose is to provide a fully modular, fast and flexible software, thoroughly documented, complex molecules enabled, written in a modern programming language (python, cython, C and C++ when performance is needed) and complying to modern programming practices. fullrmc approach in solving an atomic or molecular structure is different from existing RMC algorithms and software. In a nutshell, traditional RMC methods and software randomly adjust atom positions until the whole system has the greatest consistency with a set of experimental data. In contrast, fullrmc applies smart moves endorsed with reinforcement machine learning to groups of atoms. While fullrmc allows running traditional RMC modeling, the uniqueness of this approach resides in its ability to customize grouping atoms in any convenient way with no additional programming efforts and to apply smart and more physically meaningful moves to the defined groups of atoms. In addition, fullrmc provides a unique way with almost no additional computational cost to recur a group's selection, allowing the system to go out of local minimas by refining a group's position or exploring through and beyond not allowed positions and energy barriers the unrestricted three dimensional space around a group. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Polytriacetylenes bearing directly attached functional groups with tunable physical and electronic properties

We report the synthesis and characterization of a unique class of conjugated polymers, polytriacetyelenes (PTAs), from a set of trans‐enediyne (EDY) monomers bearing alkyl and aromatic substituents. Two different methods, i.e., Glaser‐Hay coupling and Pd‐catalyzed oxidative coupling, were employed depending on the nature of the side‐chains. Our methodology is highly versatile in that it allows direct attachment of aromatic substituents to the PTA main‐chains, allowing enhanced tunability in polymer electronic properties, which has not been achievable through previously reported methods. The newly synthesized PTAs displayed strong ability of quenching the fluorescence of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a prototypical conjugated polymer in organic solar cells, indicating possible applications of these PTAs in optoelectronic devices. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1391‐1395     

Effect of multiple H‐bonding on the properties of polyimides containing the rigid rod groups

To investigate the influence of hydrogen bonding on the properties of polyimides (PIs) containing rigid rod‐like groups, five symmetrical diamines containing benzimidazole, benzoxazole, and hydroxy group were synthesized, and then a series of PIs were prepared. Results showed that hydroxyl‐containing poly(benzoxazole imide)s possess higher glass transition temperature (T_g) and dimensional stabilities than their corresponding poly(benzoxazole imide)s. Moreover, the corresponding poly(benzimidazole imide)s presented the best performances, such as the highest T_g, the highest char yield and the highest dimensional stabilities. The influence of hydrogen bonding of benzimidazole on the properties of PIs was stronger than that of hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl‐containing poly(benzoxazole imide)s were formed in crosslinking structures after heat treatment at 400 °C. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 570–581     

Synthesis of poly(isopropenylphenoxy propylene carbonate) and its facile side‐chain functionalization into hydroxy‐polyurethanes

4‐Isopropenyl phenol ( 4‐IPP ) is a versatile dual functional intermediate that can be prepared readily from bisphenol‐A ( BPA ). Through etherification with epichlorohydrin to the phenolic group of 4‐IPP , it can be converted into 4‐isopropenyl phenyl glycidyl ether ( IPGE ). On further reaction with carbon dioxide in the presence of tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium bromide ( TBAB ) as the catalyst, IPGE was transformed into 4‐isopropenylphenoxy propylene carbonate ( IPPC ) in 90% yield. Cationic polymerization of IPPC with strong acid such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or boron trifluoride diethyl etherate as the catalyst at ?40 °C gave a linear poly(isopropenylphenoxy propylene carbonate), poly( IPPC ), with multicyclic carbonate groups substituted uniformly at the side‐chains of the polymer. The cyclic carbonate groups of poly( IPPC ) were further reacted with different aliphatic amines and diamines resulting in formation of polymers with hydroxy‐polyurethane on side‐chains. Syntheses, characterizations of poly( IPPC ) and its conversion into hydroxy‐polyurethane crosslinked polymers were presented. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 802–808     

A series of azo-type side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxane–palladium complexes

A series of azo-type side-chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes (AZLCPs) were synthesized, starting from organic polysiloxane and azo-type mesogenic compounds having an end allyl group. The AZLCPs were further used to coordinate with palladium dichloride and potassium chloride, by which a series of palladium complexes of AZLCPs (Pd–AZLCPs) were prepared. The mesogenic properties of all of the liquid crystalline polymers were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized microscope and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. It was found that all of the polymer ligands and their palladium complexes showed thermotropic liquid crystallinity and that the incorporation of the palladium ions gave positive effects to the mesogenic properties of their polymer ligand counterpart. Compared with the corresponding AZLCPs, the Pd–AZLCPs have higher isotropization temperatures and a broader mesophase temperature range. The mesogenic properties of the liquid crystalline polymer ligands and their palladium complexes were also varied gradually by changing the length of the alkoxy groups on the side chain. The polymers that have a color emissive group and a highly flexible polysiloxane main chain may potentially be used as nonlinear optical materials.     

硬质聚氯乙烯氧指数标准物质的研制

研制硬质聚氯乙烯(硬质PVC)氧指数标准物质。对制备技术、均匀性检验、稳定性考察及定值不确定度进行了分析。研制的硬质PVC标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,定值数据呈正态分布,各实验室数据等精度。硬质PVC标准物质氧指数标准值为43．6％,扩展不确定度为0．7％。     

Thermodynamic properties of peptide solutions: 7. Partial molar isentropic pressure coefficients of some dipeptides in aqueous solution

The partial molar isentropic pressure coefficients at infinite dilution, K _S,2 ^o , have been determined for a number of dipeptides in aqueous solution at 25°C. For a series of dipeptides of sequence gly-X, where X is an amino acid with a neutral side chain, the K _S,2 ^o values are all more negative than that for diglycine. The results are discussed in terms of the hydration of the side chains. There are significant differences in the K _S,2 ^o values for sequence isomeric dipeptides. These differences can be rationalized in terms of the mutual interactions between the side chain and the ionic end groups in the dipeptides. Possible relationships between K _S,2 ^o and V ₂ ^o , the partial molar volume at infinite dilution, were investigated. For the dipeptides of sequence gly-X there is an interesting linear relationship between K _S,2 ^o /V ₂ ^o and V ₂ ^o .     

24ζ-甲基-20 S-胆甾醇的合成

已发现的天然甾醇均为20R 构型。近年来在地质体中发现了具有20S 构型的甾烷类生物标志化合物,并称之为地质构型。合成20S 构型的甾烷的方法之一是由20S 构型的甾醇为原料。20S-胆甾醇及20S-胆甾烷的合成已有报道,但24ξ-甲基-20S-     

庚烯-1单体单元对胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜热转变温度的调节

合成并用红外光谱法、核磁共振法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法表征了胆甾（烷）醇十一碳烯酸酯分别与庚烯 １、二氧化硫进行自由基共聚合得到的一系列不同组成的三元胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜，用温控式偏振光显微镜观测了产物的液晶性能．结果表明：随庚烯 １单体单元组份含量的增加，该三元共聚砜的液晶相转变温度均降低，采用庚烯 １单体参与共聚的方法可以有效地调节胆甾型侧链液晶共聚砜的热转变温度．     

Multidimensional adaptive umbrella sampling: Applications to main chain and side chain peptide conformations

A new adaptive umbrella sampling technique for molecular dynamics simulations is described. The high efficiency of the technique renders multidimensional adaptive umbrella sampling possible and thereby enables uniform sampling of the conformational space spanned by several degrees of freedom. The efficiency is achieved by using the weighted histogram analysis method to combine the results from different simulations, by a suitable extrapolation scheme to define the umbrella potential for regions that have not been sampled, and by a criterion to identify simulations during which the system was not in equilibrium. The technique is applied to two test systems, the alanine dipeptide and the threonine dipeptide, to sample the configurational space spanned by one or two dihedral angles. The umbrella potentials applied at the end of each adaptive umbrella sampling run are equal to the negative of the corresponding potentials of mean force. The trajectories obtained in the simulations can be used to calculate dynamical variables that are of interest. An example is the distribution of the distance between the HN and the Hβ proton that can be important for the interpretation of NMR experiments. Factors influencing the accuracy of the calculated quantities are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18 : 1450–1462, 1997