Seasonal variation of global stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange

By Wei formula in pressure coordinate, the stratosphere-troposphere mass exchange (STME) is diagnosed globally for 44 years from 1958 to 2001 using the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis datasets. Regions of mass flux into the stratosphere are found over Indonesia, bay of Bangladesh and the mid-west coast of South Africa. Compensating mass outflow from the stratosphere appears mainly over mid-latitudes near large-scale troughs. Upward and downward transport of mass at the middle and high latitudes accompany with each other. Mass flux into troposphere is stronger in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. Strong downward mass flux into the troposphere occurs in eastern Asia the whole year with nearly stable sites. Although the area of eastern Asia accounts for only 5.6% of that of the northern hemisphere (NH), its net mass exchange reaches 15.83% of that of the NH, which means that research on STME of eastern Asia is greatly important to that of the NH and even the global areas. Air across the tropopause enters more from stratosphere to troposphere than that from troposphere to stratosphere, which is possibly related with systematic bias of the assimilated datasets and with persistent rise of the tropopause height. Contributions of the mass exchange and the mass flux exchange in the NH and southern hemisphere (SH) on their latitudes increase from equator to pole, with larger contributions in the NH. Mass exchange and mass flux exchange per areas at high latitudes are larger than that at low latitudes, which means greater mass exchange efficiency at high latitudes.     

Effects of historical land cover changes on climate

In order to explore the influence of anthropogenic land use on the climate system during the last mil- lennium, a set of experiments is performed with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity—— the McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM-2). The present paper mainly focuses on biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes. A dynamic scenario of deforestation is described based on changes in cropland fraction (RF99). The model simulates a decrease in global mean annual temperature in the range of 0.09-0.16℃, especially 0.14-0.22℃ in Northern Hemisphere during the last 300 years. The responses of climate system to GHGs concentration changes are also calculated for comparisons. Now, afforestation is becoming an important choice for the enhancement of terrestrial carbon sequestration and adjustment of regional climate. The results indicate that biogeophysical effects of land cover changes cannot be neglected in the assessments of climate change.     

试析环境演变对史前人类文明发展的影响--以长江三角洲南部平原良渚古文化衰变为例

良渚先民受自然环境的制约和经济生活模式的决定,连片成串地集中分布于长江三角洲南部平原,良渚早中期的温干气候和适宜环境使良渚文化空前繁荣,但在距今4000年左右突然消亡.作者通过研究,发现在距今4100年左右存在明显的降温事件,降温使农作物歉收,食物匮乏,在部落间引起连绵战争,使良渚文化走向衰弱.而距今3600年左右的海平面升高,在长江三角洲南部平原发生沟谷海侵,地下水位升高,太湖湖泊体系迅速扩张,引起大洪水,导致良渚文化消亡.     

鲫鱼尾部神经分泌系统Dahlgren细胞季节性变化的细胞计量学研究

本文用光镜和彩色图像分析系统,研究了雌性鲫鱼尾部神经分泌系统Dahlgren细胞的定量细胞学的季节性变化特点.结果发现:尾部最后7～12节脊髓中Dahlgren细胞的大小,在相邻季节间的变化为;从春至冬,逐渐减小（仅夏秋间无明显变化）,冬季后又逐渐增大,差异均极显著;而最后1～3节的变化为:只在春夏之间减小,夏季后则不断增大,差异也极显著.上述Dahlgren细胞计量学的变化,不同程度地呈现出与卵巢同步发育的关系.这为尾部神经分泌系统的变化与鱼类性成熟的相关性提供了新的依据.     

A geometrical measure for entropy changes

The geometrical approach to statistical mechanics is used to discuss changes in entropy upon sequential displacements of the state of the system. An interpretation of the angle between two states in terms of entropy differences is thereby provided. A particular result of note is that any state can be resolved into a state of maximal entropy (both states having the same expectation values for the constraints) and an orthogonal component. A cosine law for the general case is also derived.     

近代的吴越文化

从鸦片战争到五四时期 ,是中国文化的大转型时期 ,长江下游则是文化转型的先行地区与枢纽地区。吴越文化柔、细、雅的区域个性 ,以及从汉代以来长期形成的政治色彩较淡的传统特点 ,使它在物质文化与精神文化的转型过程中表现突出 ,居全国最前列 ,而在戊戌变法、辛亥革命时期没有出现先知先觉的全国性领袖人物 ,到民国时期 ,这种情况才开始有所改变。     

论明末清初的遗民词

遗民词并不是明清之际词人首创。然而 ,还从来没有哪个时代遗民词创作 ,能达到明末清初的高度 ;没有哪个时代遗民词的创作 ,能像明末清初一样有着明确、统一的主题 ;没有哪个时代的遗民词 ,在政治内涵的深度和广度上 ,能与明末清初媲美。可以毫不夸大地说 ,明末清初的遗民词成就是巨大的 ,在中国文学史上前无古人。这是我们民族一份极为珍贵的文学遗产     

Environmental changes reflected by n-alkanes of lake core in Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau since 8.4 kaB.P.

The n-alkanes are extracted from NMLC-1 core that was drilled in the Nam Co, central Tibet. They are measured by using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for componential and quantitative analyses. According to the constructed depth-age model, the component and concentration of n-alkanes, together with total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbonate are used to elu- cidate palaeoenvironmental changes of Nam Co during the past 8.4 ka. The results indicate that Holo- cene environment performs three stages in the lake area. In the stage of 8.4―6.7 kaB.P., it was warmer while precipitation slightly increased. This stage was ended by an obvious cold/dry event. During 6.7― 5.8 kaB.P., temperature increased rapidly and reached its maximum values at about 6.0 kaB.P. The environments were warm/wet optimum for the blooming of terrestrial plants and submerged aquatic plants. After that, temperature decreased continuously and showed the lowest values at about 3.0 kaB.P. From 2.9 kaB.P. to the present, temperature rose again but alternated with cold and warm. The lake area tended to be dry after 1.4 kaB.P. During 600―400 aB.P., the environmental feature was the reflection of "Little Ice Age".     

热电偶热电势精密测定系统的设计

介绍采用精密运算放大器、模数转换（A/D）、微控制器进行处理,对热电偶电动势进行精密测量的方法。该系统电路简单,测量方便、适应性强、测量电压的范围宽,工作稳定。经测定电动势测量范围在00.00-99.99mv,误差≤±0.2%,转换速度6.25次/秒,符合设计要求。