Thermal Emulsion Polymerization without any Conventional Initiators and Emulsifiers

Stable poly(styrene-co-sodium styrene sulfonate) (P(St-NaSS) nanoparticles with broader size distribution were synthesized by thermal emulsion polymerization without any conventional initiators and emulsifiers. The obtained polymer nanoparticles have higher ξ potential, and the particle sizes have broad distribution. The stability of polymer particles originated from the addition of small amounts of ionic comonomer, NaSS, which can act as an emulsifier in somewhat. The monomer conversion could reach up to about 28 wt% in 48 h, and did not increase by further polymerization when higher polymerization temperature (120 ℃) was employed. This polymerization system may be give some further understand for mechanism of emulsion polymerization.     

Thermal transformations in systems based on zeolites Y,X, and A containing zinc and sodium nitrates

Thermal transformations in systems formed by interaction of Zn and Na nitrates with Y, X, and A zeolites were studied by TG—DTA technique. Temperature regions of existence of adsorbed water, water of crystallization, and decomposition of NO₃ ^– anion were determined. These intervals depend on the composition, structure, method of preparation, and pre-treatment conditions of zeolite systems. The extent of NO₃ ^– decomposition depends not only on the zinc and sodium content but also on the presence of ammonia involved in NO₃ ^– reduction. The zeolite matrix strongly stabilizes the occluded NO₃ ^– anions. A portion of zinc oxide formed by zinc nitrate decomposition is probably localized inside the zeolite cavities as the [Zn—O—(ZnO) _n —Zn]²⁺ particles. The latter compensate charges of the isolated [AlO₄]^– tetrahedra.     

Enthalpies of dilution of electrolyte solutions by flow microcalorimetry

The enthalpies of dilution of NaCl, Me₄NBr, andn-Bu₄NBr were measured in water at 25°C with a new flow microcalorimeter. The data were analyzed with a polynomial equation, and the derived relative apparent molal enthalpies _L are in good agreement with literature values. Provided care is taken that mixing is complete, flow calorimeters are as reliable and much less time-consuming than cell-type instruments for enthalpies of dilution measurements.     

Microcalorimetric studies on the non-competitive inhibition of bovine liver arginase

Two methods, e.g. initial rate method and thermokinetic reduced extent method were presented for studies on non-competitive inhibition. Arginase-catalyzed the hydrolysis of L-arginine toL-ornithine and urea and the inhibition of this reaction by sodium fluoride were studied in the absence and presence of exogenous of Mn²⁺at 37°C in 40 mM sodium barbiturate-hydrochloric acid buffer solution (pH 7.4). Both methods were successively used to determine the values of K₁. The advances and disadvantages of each method were compared in this paper. Exogenous Mn²⁺ could result in more sensitivity of arginase to F^-1. Since the inhibition of arginase by F^-1 depends on the pH values of the reaction system and behave as a non-competitive inhibition, it probably due to its small volume and high electronic density allow it access to the activity site of the enzyme and replaces of μ-OH₂ (or μ-OH) as the bridge ligand with Mn(II, II) cluster. However, further studies are necessary to determine the modes of interaction of F^-1 with bovine liver arginase. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水合硫酸氢钠催化合成2-乙氧基萘

以-水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂，β-萘酚和无水乙醇为原料合成了2-乙氧基萘。优化反应条件为：β-萘酚150mmol，无水乙醇900mmol，催化剂2．0g，回流反应时间5h，产率85．5％。     

Solvent extraction of sodium picrate with 15-crown-5 into carbon tetrachloride. The determination of the dimer-formation constant of a crown ether-univalent metal salt 1∶1∶1 complex

The theory is derived to determine the dimer-formation constant,K ₂, of a crown ethermetal salt 111 complex in organic solvents of low dielectric constant by solvent extraction. The theoretical predictions are verified experimentally by extraction of sodium picrate (NaA) with 15-crown-5 (15C5) into carbon tetrachloride. All the experiments were conducted at 25°C. The logK ₂ value of the Na(15C5)A complex in carbon tetrachloride has been determined to be 4.05±0.11. Moreover, the partition constant of the complex is calculated.     

Conductance studies in amide-water mixtures. II. Sodium salts inN,N-dimethylformamide-water mixtures at 35°C

Conductance data for sodium nitrite, chloride, and acetate in water andN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-water mixtures (74.82D42.48) for the concentration range 0.001–0.04N, as well as the densities, viscosities, and dielectric constants of the solvent mixtures at 35°C, are reported. The data have been analyzed by the Fuoss (1975) equation. The existence of a maximum in the viscosity at a 13 mole ratio of DMF and water is indicated. The Walden products for all the three salts pass through a maximum while the equivalent conductances show a minimum with increasing DMF content. The maxima in the Walden product are attributed to the dehydration of ions by the cosolvent (DMF).Part I:Indian J. Chem. 14A, 1015 (1976).Deceased.     

十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管电泳法分析非还原单克隆抗体药物纯度的前处理条件优化

十二烷基硫酸钠毛细管电泳法因具有快速、分辨率高的优势，已成为单克隆抗体纯度分析的主流方法。在非还原单克隆抗体纯度检测中，其样品前处理过程对于结果有显著影响。为优化样品前处理，考察了以碘乙酰胺和N-乙基马来酰亚胺为巯基封闭剂，在pH 6.0~9.0的样品缓冲液条件下，不同种类和批次的单抗的纯度。发现在两种巯基封闭剂中，高pH的样品缓冲液会影响巯基封闭的效果，产生较多的抗体片段；而在低pH条件下，抗体片段较少，单抗的纯度更高。因此在进行非还原单抗的纯度检测中，pH 6.0的样品缓冲液为最佳的前处理条件。     

Copper passivity and its breakdown in sodium bicarbonate solutions: A scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron and auger spectroscopy study

Effect of bicarbonate ions on the copper passivity and its local breakdown is studied by cyclic voltammetry, Auger spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Comparing data for solutions with various sodium bicarbonate concentrations shows copper to undergo pitting in 0.02 M NaHCO₃, whereas it remains stably passive in 0.10 M NaHCO₃. Independent studies suggest that carbonates play a protective role in stabilization of the oxide-hydroxide passive film on copper.     

Counterion Exchange Selectivity in Detergent–Polymer Aggregates

In aqueous solution, the interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) results in the formation of small aggregates or clusters of SDS attached to the PEG polymer chain. Selectivity coefficients for exchange of two monovalent (N-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium cation and Tl⁺) and two divalent (methylviologen cation and Cu²⁺) counterions at the surface of SDS–PEG clusters, determined employing photophysical techniques, are similar, but not identical, to those for exchange at the surface of SDS micelles in the absence of PEG. The principal factor affecting ion exchange selectivity in SDS–PEG clusters does not appear to be aggregate size or surface charge density but rather the presence of poly(oxyethylene) subunits at the aggregate surface.