A new fluorescence probing strategy for the detection of parathion-methyl based on N-doped carbon dots and methyl parathion hydrolase

A new facile fluorescence probing strategy, which was based on N-doped carbon dots(NCDs) and methyl parathion hydrolase(MPH), was developed for the determination of parathion-methyl(PM). The fluorescence intensity of NCDs-MPH system was proportional to PM concentration in the range of 2.38–73.78 mmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.338 mmol/L. Moreover, the present simple and facile method could be used to determine methyl parathion in environmental and agricultural samples successfully.Furthermore, the detection mechanism of this system is inner filter effect and molecular interactions between NCDs and p-nitrophenol, which is the hydrolysis product of PM catalyzed by methyl parathion hydrolase.     

人类可溶性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂的研究进展

高血压是现代人的常见疾病.虽然有很多不同机理的降压药在临床使用,但是由于个体的差异性,高血压的治疗越来越倾向于个体化治疗,因此降压药的使用也不仅仅局限于血压的降低.人类可溶性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂最大的优势在于其在降压的同时还具有显著的抗炎作用.详细地阐述了人类可溶性环氧化物水解酶抑制剂从早期的环氧结构类型到第三代脲类结构的发展过程和近期研究进展.     

Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assays—A review

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), which are used as economical electrochemical substrates, have gone through significant improvements over the past few decades with respect to both their format and their printing materials. Because of their advantageous material properties, such as disposability, simplicity, and rapid responses, SPEs have been successfully utilised for the rapid in situ analysis of environmental pollutants. This critical review describes the basic fabrication principles, the configuration designs of SPEs and the hybrid analytical techniques based on SPEs. We mainly overview the electrochemical applications of SPEs in environmental analysis over the past 3 years, including the determination of organic compounds, heavy metals and gas pollutants.     

Hepatorenal tyrosinemia

In 1957 Sakai and Kitagawa in Japan reported the clinical and biochemical findings in a patient with tyrosinemia, tyrosyluria, liver cirrhosis, and renal rickets. Subsequently, reports were published from various countries of other patients with hepatorenal tyrosinemia (HRT). 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase deficiency was originally proposed as the cause of HRT. However, in 1977 Lindblad et al. found that succinylacetone, which accumulates in the serum and urine from patients with HRT, inhibits delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase in vitro. They suggested that the primary enzyme deficiency in patients with HRT was fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, and this was soon confirmed. Thus, the elucidation of the pathogenesis of this disease has led to the possibility that, if a reliable newborn screening method could be developed, the prognosis of these patients would be improved. Early treatment would require a diet low in phenylalanine and tyrosine, administration of 2-(2-nitoro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), and liver transplantation.     

双波长微板法测定细胞悬浮液中的环氧化物

用双波长微板法研究了缓冲溶液与细胞悬浮液中吸光度与环氧化物浓度的关系,通过分析比较发现,在两种体系中的回归曲线相互平行。据此,可用缓冲体系中所测结果绘制标准曲线,计算细胞悬浮液中环氧化物的含量。在建立了双波长微板法测定混浊体系中环氧化物的基础上,环氧化物水解酶活力可以方便快速的检测。     

Electrospray multistage mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode for the unambiguous molecular and structural characterization of acidic hydrolysates from 4‐O‐methylglucuronoxylan generated by endoxylanases

A rapid analytical methodology is proposed to answer the two questions about the molecular and structural features of the acidic xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOSs) formed upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of 4‐O‐methylglucuronoxylan. The shortest acidic XOSs carrying a methylglucuronic acid moiety and the possible distribution of larger products (molecular feature) are instantly found by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) in the negative ion mode, which filters the unwanted neutral XOS. The acidic moiety is then unambiguously localized along the xylose backbone (structural feature) by ESI‐MSⁿ in the negative ion mode via the selection/activation/dissociation of the product ions formed upon the one‐way and stepwise glycosidic bond cleavage at the reducing end. Using the shortest acidic XOS with a known shape generated by glycoside hydrolase family (GH) 10 and GH11 xylanases as a proof of principle, pairs of diagnostic ions are proposed to instantly interpret the MSⁿ fingerprints and localize the acidic moiety along the xylose chain of the activated ion. The original structure of the acidic XOS is then reconstructed by adding as many xylose units at the reducing end as MSⁿ steps. Relying on pairs of ions, the methodology is robust enough to highlight the presence of isomeric products. Mass spectra reported in the present article will be conveniently used as reference data for the forthcoming analysis of acidic XOS generated by new classes of enzymes using this multistage mass spectrometry methodology.     

Structural Investigations on the SH3b Domains of Clostridium perfringens Autolysin through NMR Spectroscopy and Structure Simulation Enlighten the Cell Wall Binding Function

Clostridium perfringens autolysin (CpAcp) is a peptidoglycan hydrolase associated with cell separation, division, and growth. It consists of a signal peptide, ten SH3b domains, and a catalytic domain. The structure and function mechanisms of the ten SH3bs related to cell wall peptidoglycan binding remain unclear. Here, the structures of CpAcp SH3bs were studied through NMR spectroscopy and structural simulation. The NMR structure of SH3b6 was determined at first, which adopts a typical β-barrel fold and has three potential ligand-binding pockets. The largest pocket containing eight conserved residues was suggested to bind with peptide ligand in a novel model. The structures of the other nine SH3bs were subsequently predicted to have a fold similar to SH3b6. Their ligand pockets are largely similar to those of SH3b6, although with varied size and morphology, except that SH3b1/2 display a third pocket markedly different from those in other SH3bs. Thus, it was supposed that SH3b3-10 possess similar ligand-binding ability, while SH3b1/2 have a different specificity and additional binding site for ligand. As an entirety, ten SH3bs confer a capacity for alternatively binding to various peptidoglycan sites in the cell wall. This study presents an initial insight into the structure and potential function of CpAcp SH3bs.     

中国新记录种毛细木霉Trichoderma capillare及功能评价

木霉菌株TW22166分离自湖南省洞庭湖滩涂湿地,该菌株分生孢子梗具有长而发达的主轴,二次分枝丰富,不规则,一般单生,分生孢子梗向顶方向着生单个瓶梗。利用ITS、tef1及rpb2序列分析,发现该菌株同Trichoderma capillare同源性达到99%以上;在以rpb2构建的系统发育进化树中,TW22166与Trichoderma capillare strain GJS 06 66 ［JN175530-1］位于同一分支。该菌株在PDA平板上对9种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,其中对Fusariumoxysporum的抑制率为1000%。菌株具有蛋白酶、几丁质酶及纤维素酶活性,其中蛋白酶活性较高,透明圈宽度达160 mm。该菌株鉴定为毛细木霉Trichoderma capillare,是木霉属中国新记录种,也是一株较有潜力的生物防治菌株。     

广谱降解有机磷农药的真菌酶解研究

从农药污染土壤中分离出的一株真菌具有广谱降解有机磷农药的能力.菌体培养物经硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤、DEAE-Sephrose CL6B柱层析纯化广谱有机磷农药水解酶.研究结果表明该酶为胞内酶,主要定位在细胞膜上.酶的最适反应温度为45℃,最适pH7.5,在50℃以下以及在pH6～9.5范围内活性稳定.Hg2 、Fe3 、对氯高汞苯甲酸、碘乙酸和N-乙基马来酰亚胺对该酶有强烈的抑制作用,而Cu2 、巯基乙醇、二硫苏糖醇、二硫赤藓糖醇、谷光甘肽和去污剂对酶有不同程度的激活作用.该酶不仅可以作用于含P-O键的有机磷农药;而且也能水解含P-S键的有机磷农药.以甲基对硫磷和内吸磷为底物的Km值分别为63μmol/L,256μmol/L;Vmax分别为306μmol·min-1,189 μmol·min-1;Kcat分别为1 102 s-1,610 s-1.     

FET‐Based Biosensors for The Direct Detection of Organophosphate Neurotoxins

Recent world‐wide terrorist events associated with the threat of hazardous chemical agent proliferation, and outbreaks of chemical contamination in the food supply has demonstrated an urgent need for sensors that can directly detect the presence of dangerous chemical toxins. Such sensors must enable real‐time detection and accurate identification of different classes of pesticides (e.g., carbamates and organophosphates) but must especially discriminate between widely used organophosphate (OP) pesticides and G‐ and V‐type organophosphate chemical warfare nerve agents. Present field analytic sensors are bulky with limited specificity, require specially‐trained personnel, and, in some cases, depend upon lengthy analysis time and specialized facilities. Most bioanalytical based systems are biomimetic. These sensors utilize sensitive enzyme recognition elements that are the in‐vivo target of the neurotoxic agents which the sensor is attempting to detect. The strategy is well founded; if you want to detect cholinesterase toxins use cholinesterase receptors. However, this approach has multiple limitations. Cholinesterase receptors are sensitive to a wide range of non‐related compounds and require lengthy incubation time. Cholinesterase sensors are inherently inhibition mode and therefore require baseline testing followed by sample exposure, retest and comparison to baseline. Finally, due to the irreversible nature of enzyme‐ligand interactions, inhibition‐mode sensors cannot be reused without regeneration of enzyme activity, which in many cases is inefficient and time‐consuming. In 1996, we pioneered a new “kinetic” approach for the direct detection of OP neurotoxins based on agent hydrolysis by the enzyme organophosphate hydrolase (OPH; EC 3.1.8.2; phosphotriesterase) and further identified a novel multi‐enzyme strategy for discrimination between different classes of neurotoxins. The major advantage of this sensor strategy is it allows direct and continuous measurement of OP agents using a reversible biorecognition element. We also investigated incorporation of enzymes with variations in substrate specificity (e.g., native OPH, site‐directed mutants of OPH, and OPAA (EC 3.1.8.1), based upon preferential hydrolysis of P? O, P? F and P? S bonds to enable discrimination among chemically diverse OP compounds. Organophosphate hydrolase enzymes were integrated with several different transduction platforms including conventional pH electrodes, fluoride ion‐sensitive electrodes, and pH‐responsive fluorescent dyes. Detection limit for most systems was in the low ppm concentration range. This article reviews our integration of organophosphate hydrolase enzymes with pH sensitive field effect transistors (FETs) for OP detection.