A safe minimum standard,the elasticity of substitution,and the cleanup of the Ganges in Varanasi

Despite repeated calls for a thorough cleanup of water pollution in the Ganges river, there are only two papers in the social sciences by Batabyal and Beladi (2017, 2019) that have shed theoretical light on this cleanup problem and its connection to the sustainability of tourism in Varanasi. Hence, we extend the above‐mentioned analyses and focus on two specific questions. First, we introduce the notion of a safe minimum standard (SMS) into the study and show how to analyze a probabilistic model of the Ganges cleanup problem when the SMS is accounted for. Second, for a representative citizen of Varanasi, we study how the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between a composite consumption good and water quality in the Ganges—modeled by the SMS—affects the tradeoff between consumption and water quality maintenance.     

覆盖数不超过3的图上渡河问题

1000多年前,英国著名学者Alcuin曾提出一个古老的渡河问题,即狼、羊和卷心菜的渡河问题。2006年,Prisner把该问题推广到任意的冲突图上,考虑了一类情况更一般的渡河运输问题。所谓冲突图是指一个图G=(V,E),这里V代表某些物品的集合,V中的两个点有边连结当且仅当这两个点是冲突的,即在无人监管的情况下不允许留在一起的点。图G=(V,E)的一个可行运输方案是指在保证不发生任何冲突的前提下,把V的点所代表的物品全部摆渡到河对岸的一个运输方案。图G的Alcuin数定义为它存在可行运输方案时所需船的最小容量。本文讨论了覆盖数不超过3的连通图的Alcuin数,给出了该类图Alcuin数的完全刻画。     

黑龙江省的界河坍塌地质灾害及其防治对策

界河坍塌是黑龙江省特殊的、主要的地质灾害,也是当前亟待解决的问题。本文总结了黑龙江省的两条主要界河—黑龙江和乌苏里江的塌岸状况;说明了界河坍塌的分布规律;论证了界河坍塌的形态类型;探讨了界河坍塌的形成机制;分析了界河坍塌的原因;最后提出了防止界河坍塌的一系列对策。     

杭州城西河网清淤优化调度

引水进入城市河网可快速提升河道水质,但也会导致泥沙淤积等问题;城市河网不仅河道众多,还有水闸等水工建筑物,使得水沙输移问题变得更为复杂.为了使泥沙尽量少淤积于不易清淤的河道,需优化河网水闸的调度.首先建立了考虑水闸的河网一维泥沙输移数学模型,利用实测水沙数据验证其精度.通过模型计算不同引水流量工况下杭州城西河网泥沙的淤积量及淤积分布,得到泥沙淤积率最低以及最利于清淤时的河网水闸优化调度方案,可为城市河网泥沙减淤及清淤提供理论依据和参考.     

Determination of Trace Elements in Marine Cetaceans by ICP-MS and Health Risk AssessmentSCIEI北大核心CSCD

The liver, kidney and muscle samples from seven cetaceans were digested by microwave digestion, and trace elements amounts of V, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, Mn, Se, Hg and Pb were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and the health risk assessment for Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Se in the liver was conducted. The results of international lobster hepatopancreas standard (TORT-2) showed acceptable agreement with the certified values, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of eleven kinds of trace elements were less than 3.54%, showing that the method is suitable for the determination of trace elements in cetaceans. The experimental results indicated that different tissues and organs of the dolphins had different trace elements, presenting the tissue specificity. There is a certain inter-species difference among different dolphins about the bioaccumulation ability of the trace elements. The distribution of trace elements in whales presented a certain regularity: the contents of most elements in liver, kidney were much higher than the contents of muscle tissues, Cu, Mn, Hg, Se, and Zn exhibit the higher concentrations in liver, while Cd was mainly accumulated in kidney. And according to the health risk assessment in liver, the exceeding standardrate of selenium and copper in seven kinds of whales was 100%, suggesting that these whales were suffering the contamination of trace elements. The experimental results is instructive to the study of trace elements in cetaceans, while this is the first report for the concentrations in organs of Striped dolphin, Bottlenose dolphin, Fraser's Dolphin and Risso's dolphin in China, it may provide us valuable data for the conservation of cetaceans.     

Stable H and O isotope-based investigation of moisture sources and their role in river and groundwater recharge in the NE Carpathian Mountains,East-Central Europe†

The region situated between the mountain area and the lowlands in NE Romania (East-Central Europe) is experiencing increased competition for water resources triggered by a growing population, intensification of agriculture, and industrial development. To better understand hydrological cycling processes in the region, a study was conducted using stable isotopes of water and atmospheric trajectory data to characterize regional precipitation and vapour sources derived from the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas, as well as recycled continental moisture, and to assess and partition these contributions to recharge of surface and groundwater. Atmospheric moisture in the lowlands is found to be predominantly delivered along easterly trajectories, while mountainous areas appear to be dominated by North Atlantic Ocean sources, with moisture transported along mid-latitude, westerly storm tracks. Large-scale circulation patterns affect moisture delivery, the North Atlantic Oscillation being particularly influential in winter and the East Atlantic pattern in summer. Winter precipitation is the main contributor to river discharge and aquifer recharge. As winter precipitation amounts are projected to decrease over the next decades, and water abstraction is expected to steadily increase, a general reduction in water availability is projected for the region.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of stable isotopes and hydrochemistry in springs and river flow of the upper Karkheh River Basin,Iran

Karst springs of the Zagros Mountains contribute a significant amount to agricultural and human water demands of western and south-western Iran. For an adequate management of available water resources in semi-arid and arid regions, sufficient hydrological monitoring is needed, and hydro-chemical and isotope hydrological data provide important additional information. About 350 water samples were collected from precipitation, river water, and karst springs of the upper part of the Karkheh River Basin (20,895 km²) located between 33°35^′ and 34°55^′ North and 46°22^′ and 49°10^′ East with elevations ranging from 928 to 3563 m above sea level. Sampling was conducted in monthly time resolution from August 2011 to July 2012. All samples were analysed for hydro-chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions) and stable isotopes (deuterium, oxygen-18). Isotope values of precipitation indicate a local meteoric water line (Zagros MWL δ²H=6.8 δ¹⁸O+10.1; R²=0.99) situated between the Mediterranean MWL and Global MWL. Spring and river water isotope values vary between?7.1 and?4.1 ‰, and?38 and?25 ‰ for δ¹⁸O and δ²H, respectively, responding to winter snowmelt and evaporation. This work implements stable isotopes and hydro-chemical information of springs and river water to understand hydrological and hydro-geological interrelations in karstic semi-arid areas and helps to improve the current water resources management practices of western Iran.     

城市河网尺度的水体光谱指数适宜性分析研究

城市地表水是城市生态环境的重要组成部分,地表水环境高光谱遥感是高光谱遥感的重要应用方向,水体提取是地表水环境高光谱遥感的第一步,其主要任务是从高光谱遥感数据中提取地表水水体轮廓。基于光谱指数的水体提取方法充分利用光谱信息,计算简单,实现容易,提取效果优异。归一化植被指数(NDVI)、归一化水体指数(NDWI)、高光谱差异化水体指数(HDWI)和基于指数的水体指数(IWI)等光谱指数已经广泛应用于湖泊、大江大河等开阔水体提取。近些年来,随着成像光谱技术的发展,高光谱遥感数据的获取能力也突飞猛进,空间分辨率和光谱分辨率不断提高。与江河湖基本在流域内沿地形分布不同,城市地表水一般细小,纵横交错,形成河网。在高光谱遥感数据用于城市体表水提取时,其面临的图像空间分辨率、地物类型和地物复杂等,与江河湖水体提取有很大不同。因此,需要对这些常用的光谱指数在城市地表水提取中的适宜性进行评价。以此做为出发点和目标,以河网密布的江南水乡中国浙江省嘉兴市为研究对象,以应用型航空成像光谱仪(Airborne imaging spectrometer for applications, AISA)获取的高空间分辨率机载高光谱遥感数据为数据源,通过Youden指数确定最佳阈值,将总体分类精度、错分误差、漏分误差、Kappa系数作为衡量指标,分析评价了NDVI,NDWI,HDWI和IWI 4种光谱指数在城市河网提取中的适宜性。结果表明,阴影与水体光谱变化趋势类似,是造成水体提取过程中高错分误差的主要因素。四种指数都可以准确抑制落在植被中的阴影,但无法有效抑制落在建筑物中的阴影。HDWI虽然可以在一定程度上抑制建筑物中的阴影,但是无法有效地抑制亮建筑物背景。通过对不同类型水体和阴影（笼罩下地物）光谱的进一步分析,虽然水体和阴影光谱曲线变化趋势相似,均在560～600 nm附近存在波峰,但是水体和阴影波峰高度存在差异,水体波峰值较大而阴影波峰值较低。因此,通过充分挖掘水体和阴影在560～600 nm处光谱反射信息,有望进一步抑制建筑物阴影,提高城市河网水体提取精度。     

基于固有光学量的高光谱数据反演城市河网水质

水体辐射传输模型是水体光谱特性分析的理论基础,水体固有光学量由水体组成决定,与水体表面光场无关。基于统计的半经验算法虽然能获取指定区域水质参数反演结果,但是缺乏物理意义;基于生物光学模型的分析算法,针对城市河网内陆Ⅱ类水体光学特性复杂、空间分布异质性强、水体细小、流动性大等特点,利用高光谱数据,研究基于固有光学量的城市河网水质参数反演模型,对内陆城市浑浊水体光谱特性研究具有重大意义。提出了适用于内陆城市河网水体的改进QAA算法,以获取水体固有光学量,改进包括后向散射估计模型调整和参考波段优化两个方面;计算参考波段总吸收系数、颗粒物后向散射系数等固有光学量,得到浮游植物吸收系数和剔除纯水吸收系数;对浮游植物吸收系数最优波段比值与叶绿素a浓度进行线性回归分析,构建叶绿素a水质浓度反演模型,对剔除纯水吸收系数最优波段比值与悬浮物浓度线性回归分析,构建悬浮物水质浓度反演模型。针对内陆河网Ⅱ类水体,以典型的河网城市嘉兴市为研究区域,获取了研究区域航空高光谱数据,以及水质采样化验数据和水面以上光谱数据等地面准同步测量数据;利用QAA算法和IIMIW算法对实测水面以上光谱进行固有光学量反演,对比分析两个算法并结合城市河网水体特点,提出改进QAA算法;利用改进的QAA算法实现了研究区域水体的固有光学量反演,基于反演的水体固有光学量建立了叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度两项水色参数定量反演模型,反演模型决定系数R2分别为0.64和0.71;并用航空高光谱数据同步区域的4个地面样点实测数据,对反演结果进行验证分析。通过水质参数浓度反演值与实测值的对比,叶绿素a和悬浮物水质浓度反演的平均相对误差分别为9.2%和9.4%,反演得到的叶绿素a和悬浮物浓度分布图,也与城市河网的特点和实际情况相符,为城市河网水质监测提供方法和模型参考。     

四堡污水处理厂排污管喷口研究

介绍了四堡污水处理厂排污入江管工程中应用的新型三口单向阀型自动喷口结构。叙述了排污量、开启度、喷口流速、阻力系数等水力特性。对喷口的安装施工以及喷口流速、开启度、喷口冲坑形状的现场检测也作了说明。