Numerical simulations of turbulent shear flows

We simulate three-dimensional mixing layers, isotropic turbulence, and rotating turbulence. In the mixing-layer case, we show that high compressibility inhibits helical pairings obtained in the incompressible case, yielding a staggered array of large -shaped vortices. For isotropic turbulence, one shows the existence of large coherent low-pressure vortices, characterized by exponential tails of various p.d.f.'s. We develop also a new subgrid-scale model applied with success to the backward-facing step, and to the compressible boundary layer. Finally, one looks at the influence of solid-body rotation upon free-shear flows or homogeneous turbulence. At moderate Rossby numbers, cyclonic vortices are stabilized, while anticyclonic vortices are disrupted into intense Görtler-type alternate longitudinal vortices.     

光栅应变法的误差分析与改进

将光栅制作于试件表面作为应变传感器，激光束照射试件被测点所产生的衍射图案随该点的变形发生变化。测定衍射图案的变化可以直接计算出被测点的变形。本文分析了该方法中公式简化、离面转角、离面位移引起的误差，结果表明后两个因素的影响不容忽视。本文还对误差的减小和消除进行了讨论。     

A STRESS VECTOR-BASED CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL (Ⅰ)-THEORY

On the basis of the sufficient consideration of vectorial characteristics of stress, a new nonlinear constitutive model for cohesionless soil under plane strain and 3-D conditions was presented in a way that the action effects of stress vector are decomposed into the action effect of mean effective stress and that of the stress ratio vector (ratio of deviatoric stress vector to mean effective stress). The constitutive model can take account of the influence of both numerical and directional changes of stress vector on deformation of soil simultaneously, and is applicable of both static and dynamic loading. Biography: Shi Hong-yan (1964-)     

Moment of Resistance of a Disk Rotating in a Closed Axisymmetric Cavity

A turbulent flow in a closed axisymmetric cavity with a rotating disk is considered. The moment of resistance to disk rotation is calculated as a function of the dimensionless gap between the motionless casing and rotating disk and of the Reynolds number. Results calculated on the basis of different turbulence models are compared with data of a physical experiment and with available correlations. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 153–160, January–February, 2006.     

圆柱滚子轴承运动关系的试验研究

在工程应用中，打滑损伤是导致滚动早期失效的主要原因之一，因此，通过试验研究分析了圆柱滚子轴承保持架的转动速度、轴承径向载荷、内圈转动速度和滚动体数与打滑现象及滑差率的关系。结果表明，在径向载荷一定时，轴承的转动速度越高，保持架的打滑现象越严重。在轴承同圈转动速度一定时，轴承径向载荷增大和滚动体数减少，都有利于轴承保持架的滑差率减小。     

捷联惯导姿态算法若干问题的研究

研究了捷联系统姿态更新的等效旋动矢量算法，并以锥运动为条件，对等效旋动矢量算法进行了优化。此外还对四元数、旋动矢量及其优化算法进行了仿真比较。仿真结果表明：等效转动矢量算法的精度明显优于四元数算法，且等效转动矢量的采样频率越高，姿态更新算法的精度就越高。     

Second-Order Shell Kinematics Implied by Rotation Constraint-Equation

The paper presents a general methodology of introducing the shell-type variables which is based on the rotation constraint-equation (RC-equation). The RC-equation is proven to be equivalent to the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient formula, and the rotations which it yields are interpreted in terms of rotations of vectors of an ortho-normal basis. The deformation function and rotations are assumed as polynomials of the thickness coordinate ζ, and in this form used in the RC-equation. Solving this equation, we can express the coefficients of the quadratic deformation function in terms of the following shell-type variables: (a) the mid-surface position x ₀, (b) the constant rotation Q ₀, (c) the rotation vector ψ ^* for the ζ-dependent rotations, and (d) the normal components U ₃₃ ⁰ and U ₃₃ ¹ of the right stretching tensor. This new methodology (i) ensures that all shell kinematical variables are consistent with the RC-equation, which is justified on 3D grounds, (ii) provides a general framework from which various Reissner-type hypotheses can be obtained by suitable assumptions. As an example, two generalized Reissner hypotheses are derived: one with two normal stretches, and the other with the in-plane twist and the bubble-like warping parameters. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Allowing for Rotations about the Normal in Nonlinear Theories of Shells

Consideration is given to three versions of nonlinear strain–displacement relations in the case of small strains and moderately small angles of rotation: (i) relations that neglect rotations about the normal in conformity with the hypotheses of the Donnel–Mushtary–Vlasov theory; (ii) relations, derived from the elasticity equations using Novozhilov's tensor, that exactly allow for rotations; and (iii) relations, proposed by Sanders, that allow for rotations but neglect shear strains. These versions are compared by comparing the solutions of the stability problem for a corrugated cylindrical shell. It is established that the critical loads are close when rotations are allowed for exactly and when Sanders' technique is used     

The \vec\omega-\vec{D} fluid: general theory with special emphasis on stationary two dimensional flows

In this paper a theory is presented in which the extra stress tensor is allowed to depend not only on the rate of strain tensor but also on the relative vorticity of the fluid, i.e. on the vorticity relative to the rate of rotation of the principal straining directions. This theory has its origin in an expansion of in terms of kinematic tensors in the limit of stationarity in a material sense (constant stretch history flows). For two dimensional flows of an incompressible fluid three tensors suffice to completely specify . The three material functions which appear can depend only on two invariants, namely the second invariant of and on . Using the predictions of an Oldroyd 8 constant fluid in a homogeneous planar flow of constant stretch history, the three material functions are studied in detail. For the special case of a quasi-Newtonian fluid shear thinning and extension thickening can directly be accounted for in the “viscosity” function. Received: September 26, 1996     

主应力轴旋转对软土塑性变形影响分析

在姜洪伟所提出的软土各向异性弹塑性本构关系基础上，考虑类似于砂土的Ｒ－旋转试验条件，计算了软土由于主应力轴旋转所产生的塑性变形，对不同中主应力比情况下的变形规律进行分析，解释忽略主应力轴旋转影响将使设计偏于不安全的原因。