新疆大风环境下输电线路风偏故障的研究和预测

通过对比新疆 750 kV 输电线路风偏故障的实测数据与缩尺模型风洞试验的实验数据, 分析了在大风环 境下风速和风向对输电线路的风偏角、导线张力、杆塔最小空气间隙和击穿电压影响, 得到了风偏故障时的闪络电 压,合理划分了故障的预警等级,形成了一个输电线路风偏故障的预警模型．该模型可为大风下输电线路的设计提 供参考,以降低输电线路风偏放电故障率,提高高压输电线路的安全运行水平     

公众对城市大气污染的健康防护行为研究

从社会心理学的角度, 研究公众对大气污染健康风险的防护行为。在北京市开展问卷调查, 对海淀、朝阳、西城、丰台4个区进行配额抽样, 共获得有效样本993份。基于健康信念模型, 通过线性回归模型分析防护行为强度的影响因素, 结果表明, 感知到的风险、感知到的行为障碍和感知到的行为有效性对大气污染健康防护行为的强度有显著影响, 该结论符合公共卫生服务领域解释健康防护行为的基本框架。研究结果可为借鉴公共卫生服务领域的知识进行环境领域的政策设计、解决环境风险问题的合理性提供依据。     

重庆涪陵大气污染物特征及其与气象要素的关系

利用重庆涪陵2010—2014年空气质量监测数据和同期的气象资料,分析了涪陵地区大气污染物的变化情况与气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:涪陵从2010到2014年空气质量有变好趋势,迎宾大道和兴华中路的空气质量总体较好,AQI指数优良天数分别占87%和85.6%,PM_(10)为涪陵首要污染物.PM_(10),SO_2质量浓度具有周期性变化特征,从1月至12月为先降低后升高的趋势,每年较冷的12月、1月、2月PM_(10)质量浓度值较高,较热的月份质量浓度值较低.NO_2质量浓度年际间变化幅度较小.PM_(10)与气温、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速具有负相关性,与气压具有正相关,即气温越高、降雨量越大、气压越低、风速越大,PM_(10)质量浓度越低.SO_2,NO_2与气温、气压、降水量均为负相关,与相对湿度正相关.不同月份大气污染物与气象要素的相关性存在较大差异.     

Sources and Time-Variations of Reactive Hydrocarbon Immissions in the Atmosphere of Different Industrial and Rural Areas

Abstract

The problem of determining the concentration changes of reactive hydrocarbon immissions as a function of time was solved by means of an automatic gas chromatograph which, without enrichment, could record ethylene and acetylene in ppb concentrations. At the same time various other pollutants were covered, so that by a mutual allocation of the individual components it was possible to identify certain emitter groups. The results clearly show that ethylene and acetylene primarily originate from the combustion processes of the automobiles, while the handling and storage of petroleum products and their processing do not exert any influence on the immission of the two components. By way of time series measurements during a summer week in 1976 with very intensive solar radiation it was possible to show indirect secondary photochemical reactions.     

Methodology for Bioassay-Directed Fractionation Studies of Air Particulate Material and Other Complex Environmental Matrices

Abstract

A normal phase HPLC methodology using a semi-preparative polyaminocyano column in conjunction with a selection of short-term genotoxicity assays has been developed for bioassay-directed fractionation studies of complex environmental mixtures. To illustrate the effectiveness of this methodology, an organic extract prepared from respirable air particulate samples collected in Hamilton, Canada was separated into a non-polar aromatic fraction and a polar aromatic fraction using a combination of alumina and Sephadex LH20 chromatography. These fractions were evaluated for their genotoxic potential using the Salmonella/microsome (Ames) assay with six different strains of Salmonella.

The non-polar aromatic fraction was analyzed by normal phase HPLC and the eluent was collected in one-minute subfractions; these subtractions were bioassayed in three different Salmonella strains (YG1021 -S9, YG1024 -S9 and YG1029 +S9) to afford three different mutation profiles of this sample. Some subfractions which exhibited high mutagenic responses were subjected to further chemical analyses using GC/MS in order to identify those compounds responsible for the genotoxic responses. The nitroarene compounds 2-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitropyrene and higher molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene were identified and quantified in some of the biologically active subfractions. The normal phase gradient conditions afforded very reproducible retention times for a series of polycyclic aromatic standards with a broad range of compound polarities. In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were observed to elute from the normal phase HPLC column in a series of peaks; successive peaks contained PAH of increasing molecular weight while any individual peak was shown to contain PAH of the same molecular weight.     

Gastrennung mit Hilfe des Zirkulations-Diffusions-Verfahrens Teil I : Hochanreicherung von Gasen in Trennrohren mit natürlicher Zirkulation

Auf der Grundlage des Zirkulations-Diffusions-Prinzips wurden zwei Trennrohre für die Hochanreicherung von Gasen enytwickelt. Als Modellgasmischungen dienten H₂-N₂ Kr-CH₄ und Luft. Neben Wasserdampf wurden Methanol- und Äthaanoldämpfe als Treibmittel benutzt. Gute Trennungen wurden in einem nur 20 cm langen Rohr erzielt, dessen Trennspalt horizontal durch Lamellen in kleine Sektionen und durch ein Drahtdiaphragma vertikal in zwei Ringkammern geteilt wird. Drei Rohre dieses Typs wurden in einer rechteckigen Kaskadenanordnung getestet. Die Theorie des Transportes im Trennrohr sowie die Behandlung des hydrodynamischen Problems werden angegeben. Eine Anwendung des beschriebenen Trennrohres zur Isotopentrennung und zur Gashochanreicherung erscheint aussichtsreich.     

Measurements Of Biogenic Hydrocarbons And Their Atmospheric Degradation In Forests

Abstract

An analytical procedure for the sampling and quantitative determination of biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere is presented. The method is based on the adsorptive preconcentration of the hydrocarbons using Tenax TA/Carbopack B filled sampling tubes followed by thermodesorption of the trapped compounds and gas chromatographic analysis. To avoid losses of the biogenic alkenes as a consequence of their reaction with ozone on the adsorbents during the sampling step, an ozone scrubber is used in front of the adsorption tubes. Diurnal variations of the monoterpene- and ozone-concentrations are determined at different heights in and above a forest stand (coniferous and deciduous trees) in the Vosges (Col du Donon, 760 m a.s.l.) in order to elucidate the importance of terpene-oxidation reactions on the formation of peroxidic products in forest air.     

一种高稳定性光纤F-P标准具的设计

法布里-珀罗(F-P)标准具广泛应用于光纤通信与光纤传感领域。实心标准具受自身材料的限制,无法满足高稳定性的要求。空气隙标准具采用热膨胀系数极低的垫片,提高了器件的温度稳定性能。介绍了低温漂光纤F-P标准具的设计和制作,出射光自由光谱范围为100GHz,损耗为3dB,0~70℃温度漂移小于3GHz。相比于采用传统方法制作的标准具,该光纤F-P标准具稳定性更高,解决了实心标准具折射率和热膨胀变化大的问题。     

Selection of sampling adsorbents and optimisation and validation of a GC-MS/MS method for airborne pesticides

A methodology for the sampling and determination of airborne pesticides has been developed. The trapping efficiency of three adsorbents, namely XAD-2,XAD-4 and a sandwich sorbent (PUF-XAD2-PUF), was tested for 34 pesticides and the latter was selected because it presented the highest retention capacity without breakthrough. Pesticides were determined by gas chromatography coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometer in tandem. The method showed recoveries ranging from 70% to 120% with limits of quantification in the range of 16.1–322.6 pg m^?3 when 155 m³ were sampled. This analytical strategy was applied to 10 indoor air samples collected in dwellings from the Valencian Region. Six pesticides, namely diphenylamine, pyrimethanil, bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin and cypermethrin were detected in indoor samples with concentrations ranging from 1.46 to 22.02 ng m^?3.     

Filling the Charge–Discharge Voltage Gap in Flexible Hybrid Zinc-Based Batteries by Utilizing a Pseudocapacitive Material

The high charge–discharge voltage gap is one of the main bottlenecks of zinc–air batteries (ZABs) because of the kinetically sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) on the oxygen electrode side. Thus, an efficient bifunctional catalyst for ORR and OER is highly desired. Herein, honeycomb-like MnCo₂O_4.5 spheres were used as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst. It was demonstrated that both ORR and OER catalytic activity are promoted by Mn^IV-induced oxygen vacancy defects and multiple active sites. Importantly, the multivalent ions present in the material and its defect structure endow stable pseudocapacitance within the inactive region of ORR and OER; as a result, a low charge–discharge voltage gap (0.43 V at 10 mA cm⁻²) was achieved when it was employed in a flexible hybrid Zn-based battery. This mechanism provides unprecedented and valuable insights for the development of next-generation metal–air batteries.