Solubility and Thermal Degradation of Quercetin in CO2-Expanded Liquids

The solubility of quercetin and its thermal degradation was studied in CO₂-expanded ethanol and ethyl lactate. An equipment setup was constructed that enabled the separation of the products of degradation while quantifying the solubility of quercetin. Three different conditions of temperature were analyzed (308, 323, and 343 K) at 10 MPa. Higher solubility and thermal degradation of quercetin were observed for CO₂-expanded ethyl lactate in comparison with CO₂-expanded ethanol. At the same time, as the amount of CO₂ was increased in the CO₂-expanded liquids mixtures, the thermal degradation of quercetin decreased for almost all the conditions of temperature considered in this work. The importance of considering thermal degradation while performing solubility measurements of compounds that are thermally unstable such as quercetin was highlighted.     

Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of flavonols by erythrocytes

A model for the complete system of bioaccumulation, transport, and biotransformation of polyphenolic compounds (flavonols) that includes hemoglobin-containing red blood cells and serum albumin was proposed. The distribution of flavonols between the erythrocyte fraction and albumin was studied. Hemoglobin was shown to play a role in the biotransformation of flavonols. The formation of several intermediate and final products of pseudoperoxidase oxidation of flavonols catalyzed by methemoglobin was established by UV spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 153-157, March-April, 2009.     

催化动力学荧光法测定洋葱中的槲皮素

研究了稀硫酸介质中,槲皮素催化溴酸钾氧化吖啶红的荧光光谱。在优化实验条件下,确定了荧光强度改变值(ΔIF)与槲皮素质量浓度的关系,建立了催化动力学荧光法测定洋葱中槲皮素的新方法。该方法的线性范围为0.43~18.0μg.L-1,检出限为0.13μg.L-1。方法操作简便,具有较好的灵敏度,用于洋葱中槲皮素含量的测定,结果满意。     

Application of EXAFS and XANES Methods in Coordination Chemistry of Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives

A summary is presented of the results obtained on metal complexes of carbohydrates (aldoses, ketoses and mono-, di- and polysaccharides) and their derivatives (aldonic and alduronic acids, polyalcohols, amino sugars, and amino acid sugar adducts). The structural parameters (coordination number, bond distance, and Debye–Waller factor) measured by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy obtained earlier on transition metals [Cu(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Ag(I), Mn in different oxidation states and organotin(IV)] complexes are discussed. In addition we report here the preparation of Bu₂Sn(IV)²⁺ complexes of rutin {3-[6-O-(6-deoxy--L-mannopyranosyl)-(-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one} and quercetin (containing {O,O} donor atoms) in ligand to metal ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. The analytical data revealed the formation of well-defined complexes. The local structures of the complexes were determined by an EXAFS method. It was found that the Sn–O bond distances in the first coordination sphere are closed the values found in Et₂Sn(IV) complexes with nonprotected carbohydrates.     

Protective Role of Quercetin in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Toxicity in Rat Brain: Biochemical,Spectrophotometric Assays and Computational Approach

Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induces oxidative stress by free radical toxicities, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. Quercetin (Q), on the other hand, has a role as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and free radical-scavenging. This study explored protection given by quercetin against CCL4 induced neurotoxicity in rats at given concentrations. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups Group C: control group; Group CCL4: given a single oral dose of 1 mL/kg bw CCL4; Group Q: given a single i.p injection of 100 mg/kg bw quercetin; and Group Q + CCL4: given a single i.p injection of 100 mg/kg bw quercetin before two hours of a single oral dose of 1 mL/kg bw CCL4. The results from brain-to-body weight ratio, morphology, lipid peroxidation, brain urea, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, sodium, and enzyme alterations (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase, and superoxide dismutase) suggested alterations by CCL4 and a significant reversal of these parameters by quercetin. In silico analysis of quercetin with various proteins was conducted to understand the molecular mechanism of its protection. The results identified by BzScore4 D showed moderate binding between quercetin and the following receptors: glucocorticoids, estrogen beta, and androgens and weak binding between quercetin and the following proteins: estrogen alpha, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARγ), Herg k+ channel, Liver x, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, Thyroid α, and Thyroid β. Three-dimensional/four-dimensional visualization of binding modes of quercetin with glucocorticoids, estrogen beta, and androgen receptors was performed. Based on the results, a possible mechanism is hypothesized for quercetin protection against CCL4 toxicity in the rat brain.     

Characterization,Large-Scale HSCCC Separation and Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols from Moringa oleifera Leaves

Moringa oleifera leaves have been widely used for the treatment of inflammation, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other diseases, due to being rich in polyphenols. The main objective of this work was to largely separate the main polyphenols from Moringa oleifera leaves using the technique of high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The phenolic composition in Moringa oleifera leaves was first analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS and UPLC-QqQ/MS, respectively, indicating that quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, phenolic acid and apigenin are the main polyphenols in Moringa oleifera leaves, with quercetin and kaempferol derivatives predominating. Furthermore, the conditions of HSCCC for large-scale separation of polyphenols from Moringa oleifera leaves were optimized, which included the selection of the solvent system, flow rate and the sample load. Only by one-step HSCCC separation (within 120 min) under the optimized conditions, six quercetin and kaempferol derivatives, a phenolic acid and an apigenin could be individually isolated at a large scale (yield from 10% to 98%), each of which possessed high purity. Finally, the isolated polyphenols and phenolic extract from Moringa oleifera leaves (MLPE) were verified to have strong neuroprotective activities against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in PC-12 cells, suggesting that these compounds would contribute to the main beneficial effects of Moringa oleifera leaves.     

钛(Ⅳ)-槲皮素-氯酸盐体系极谱催化波的研究

在pH3.2氯乙酸盐缓冲底液中,用单扫极谱法可获得灵敏的钛(Ⅳ)-槲皮素-氯酸盐催化波,其二阶导数检测限达7.0×10^-9mol/L。已成功地应用于纯金属镁中10^-4%钛的测定,并测得电活性络合物的组成为Ti(Ⅳ)∶槲皮素＝1∶1,平行催化反应的速率常数k=4.8×10⁵(mol/L)^-1·s^-1。     

钒(Ⅳ)-槲皮素极谱络合物吸附波的研究

在pH5.2的醋酸盐缓冲底液中,用单扫示波极谱法可获得灵敏的V(Ⅳ)-槲皮素络合物吸附波。钒浓度在1.0×10^-7 mol/L--1.0×10^-5 mol/L范围内与二阶导数波峰高成正比关系,检测下限为7.0×10^-8 mol/L。测得电活性络合物组成为V(Ⅳ)∶Qu=1∶1,条件稳定常数为3.3×10⁵。表面电极反应速率常数ks=3.9 s^-1。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同产地枇杷叶中的3种黄酮类成分

建立了高效液相色谱同时测定枇杷叶中3种黄酮类成分的分析方法。该方法分析了不同产地枇杷叶中芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚的含量差异。枇杷叶粉末用甲醇超声提取后,加盐酸回流,制备样品测试液。采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.4%（v/v）磷酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱。分别对7个不同产地的枇杷叶样品中的芦丁、槲皮素和山柰酚进行测定。结果表明,芦丁、槲皮素、山柰酚在各自的质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（r>0.99）,加标回收率分别为96.33%、95.81%和95.80%,RSD分别为6.48%、0.90%和3.02%。该方法操作简单、分离度好、重复性高。不同产地枇杷叶中3种黄酮类成分的含量存在差异,其中芦丁的差异最大,而山柰酚的含量最稳定且在不同产地样品中均可检出,或可用作枇杷叶药材质量控制的标志成分。     

硅烷功能化碳点荧光探针检测槲皮素

以柠檬酸为碳源,硅烷偶联剂为表面包覆剂,一步水热法合成了高效发光硅烷功能化碳点。所得碳点在360 nm激发后在450 nm处有强荧光发射峰,荧光量子产率最高可达69.2%。基于槲皮素对该碳点荧光的猝灭作用,建立了一种以硅烷碳点为荧光探针的简便、灵敏检测槲皮素的分析方法。考察了作用时间、pH值、碳点用量对槲皮素检测的影响,并探讨了荧光猝灭机制。在优化实验条件下,该方法对槲皮素的检测线性范围为1.0～40.0μmol/L,相关系数(r)为0.996 7,检出限为3.8 nmol/L。该方法应用于实际样品中槲皮素的测定,结果满意。