二溴对甲基偶氮羧质子化及其离解

用萃取法对二溴对甲基偶氮羧进行了纯化,并用分光光度法研究了二溴对甲基偶氮羧的质子化和五级离解作用,测定了其质子化常数和逐级离解常数,获得满意的效果。     

μ-Acyl Os3 clusters containing metallocenyl substituents and products of their protonation

Previously unknown μ-acyl osmium clusters containing simultaneously permethyl-metallocenyl and Os₃ cluster fragments were synthesized. The IR, UV, NMR (¹H and¹³C), and FAB-MS spectra were examined. Protonation of the clusters proceeds at the metal atom of the metallocenyl fragment. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 180–183, January, 1999.     

Giant RS spectroscopy and structural-conformational transformations of thiamine adsorbed on the surface of a silver electrode

An investigation of giant RS spectra of a thiamine (vitamin B₁) molecule adsorbed on the surface of an anodized silver electrode from weak-concentration aqueous solutions is made. The dependences of the spectral bands sensitive to the ionic state of the adsorbed molecule on the pH and the electrode potential are discussed. It is shown that the rate constant of thiamine protonation in the adsorbed layer depends on the electrode potential and is substantially lower than the corresponding value for the solution. In conformity with the important role of short-range mechanisms of enhancement of electrochemical GRS in the excitation wavelength range investigated, models of the structural-conformational states of the molecule in the adsorbed state are constructed and a conclusion is drawn about the possibility of monitoring the acid-base equilibrium of these states for a molecular layer of thiamine under the conditions of an electrochemical cell. To whom correspondence should be addressed. Ya. Kupala Grodno State University, 22, Ozheshko Str., Grodno, 230023, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 622–626, September–October, 1999.     

Crystal Structures of Two New Monoprotonated Products of 1,4,7-trimethyl- 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: (Me3 [9] aneN3H ) (SO3CF3) and (Me3 [9] aneN3H) I

Two new monoprotonated products of macrocyclic polyamine 1,4,7-trimethyl- 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (Me3 [9]aneN3), (Me3 [9]aneN3H) (SO3CF3) 1 (C10H22N3O3SF3, Mr=321.36) and (Me3[9]aneN3H)I 2 (C9H22N3I, Mr=299.20) were obtained by the reactions of Me3[9]aneN3 and yttrium triflate or ytterbium diiodide as the unexpected products. The crystal structures of compounds 1 and 2 have been determined. Crystal 1is orthorhombic, space group P212121(#19), a =12. 609(3), b=13. 531(1), c=9.225(3) A, V=1573.9(7) A3, Z=4, Dc=1. 356g/cm3, μ=2.47cm- 1, F (000) = 680 and R= 0. 052, Rw= 0. 052 for 807 unique reflections with I＞ 2σ(I). Crystal 2 belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group P212121 (# 19), a=11.417(2), b=13.099(3), c=8.762(2) A, V=1310.5(4) A3, Z=4, Dc=1. 516 g/cm3, μ= 24.14 cm-1, F(000)=600 and R=0. 035, Rw=0. 042 for 1427 u-nique reflections with I＞3σ(I). The two structures contain the same cyclic framework in which the acid proton is bonded to an amine nitrogen. This proton exhibits strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds with the other two nitrogen atoms. The methyl groups are directed away from the ring cavity. The bond distance between acid proton and an amine nitrogen in compound 2 is extremely short. The bond angles for 1 and 2 also exhibit obvous diversity inside of triazacyclononae.     

Protonation of thymine,cytosine, adenine,and guanine DNA nucleic acid bases: Theoretical investigation into the framework of density functional theory

Gradient-corrected density functional computations with triple-zeta-type basis sets were performed to determine the preferred protonation site and the absolute gas-phase proton affinities of the most stable tautomer of the DNA bases thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Charge distribution, bond orders, and molecular electrostatic potentials were considered to rationalize the obtained results. The vibrational frequencies and the contribution of the zero-point energies were also computed. Significant geometrical changes in bond lengths and angles near the protonation sites were found. At 298 K, proton affinities values of 208.8 (T), 229.1 (C), 225.8 (A), and 230.3 (G) kcal/mol were obtained in agreement with experimental results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 989–1000, 1998     

Automated flexible ligand docking method and its application for database search

We have developed a new docking program that explores ligand flexibility. This program can be applied to database searches. The program is similar in concept to earlier efforts, but it has been automated and improved. The algorithm begins by selecting an anchor fragment of a ligand. This fragment is protonated, as needed, and then placed in the receptor by the DOCK algorithm, followed by minimization using a simplex method. Finally, the conformations of the remaining parts of the putative ligands are searched by a limited backtrack method and minimized to get the most stable conformation. To test the efficiency of this method, the program was used to regenerate ten ligand–protein complex structures. In all cases, the docked ligands basically reproduced the crystallographic binding modes. The efficiency of this method was further tested by a database search. Ten percent of molecules from the Available Chemicals Directory (ACD) were docked to a dihydrofolate reductase structure. Most of the top-ranking molecules (7 of the top 13 hits) are dihydrofolate or methotrexate derivatives, which are known to be DHFR inhibitors, demonstrating the suitability of this program for screening molecular databases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18 : 1812–1825, 1997     

Deracemizing α‐Branched Carboxylic Acids by Catalytic Asymmetric Protonation of Bis‐Silyl Ketene Acetals with Water or Methanol

We report a highly enantioselective catalytic protonation of bis‐silyl ketene acetals. Our method delivers α‐branched carboxylic acids, including nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory arylpropionic acids such as Ibuprofen, in high enantiomeric purity and high yields. The process can be incorporated in an overall deracemization of α‐branched carboxylic acids, involving a double deprotonation and silylation followed by the catalytic asymmetric protonation.     

Cellular Cations Control Conformational Switching of Inositol Pyrophosphate Analogues

The inositol pyrophosphate messengers (PP‐InsPs) are emerging as an important class of cellular regulators. These molecules have been linked to numerous biological processes, including insulin secretion and cancer cell migration, but how they trigger such a wide range of cellular responses has remained unanswered in many cases. Here, we show that the PP‐InsPs exhibit complex speciation behaviour and propose that a unique conformational switching mechanism could contribute to their multifunctional effects. We synthesised non‐hydrolysable bisphosphonate analogues and crystallised the analogues in complex with mammalian PPIP5K2 kinase. Subsequently, the bisphosphonate analogues were used to investigate the protonation sequence, metal‐coordination properties, and conformation in solution. Remarkably, the presence of potassium and magnesium ions enabled the analogues to adopt two different conformations near physiological pH. Understanding how the intrinsic chemical properties of the PP‐InsPs can contribute to their complex signalling outputs will be essential to elucidate their regulatory functions.     

Cleavage of Unactivated Si−C(sp3) Bonds with Reed's Carborane Acids: Formation of Known and Unknown Silylium Ions

An efficient method for the benzenium‐ion‐mediated cleavage of inert Si−C(sp³) bonds is reported. Various tetraalkylsilanes can thus be converted into the corresponding counteranion‐stabilized silylium ions. The reaction is chemoselective in the case of hexamethyldisilane. Computations reveal a mechanism with backside attack of the proton at one of the alkyl groups. Several activated Si−C(spⁿ) bonds (n=3–1) react equally well, and the procedure can be extended to the generation of stannylium ions.     

Proton or Carbene Transfer? On the Dark and Light Reaction of Diazoalkanes with Alcohols

The formal alkylation reaction of OH groups with diazoalkanes under catalyst-free reaction conditions finds broad application in organic synthesis. However, even today, this reaction is mainly limited to the use of diazomethane as reaction partner. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we aim at a fundamental understanding of the reaction of diazoalkanes with alcohols to make this transformation amenable to a generalized approach towards formal alkylation reactions of alcohols with diazoalkanes. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest a direct proton transfer only in exceptional cases. In a more general setting, such O−H functionalization proceed both under dark and photochemical conditions via a key hydrogen-bonded singlet carbene intermediate that undergoes a protonation–addition mechanism. We conclude with applications of this approach in O−H functionalization reactions of alcohols, including simple fluorinated, halogenated and aliphatic alcohols and showcase functional-group tolerance of this method in the reaction of biologically active and pharmaceutically relevant alcohols.