大一学生化学实验室安全基础知识调查研究*

为考察大一学生化学实验室安全基础知识,对天津理工大学化学化工学院大一学生警示标识、危险化学品性质、废弃物处理及意外处置等安全知识进行问卷调查。结果表明:60.4%的学生将易燃标识与氧化剂标识混淆;在危险化学品性质和酸/碱撒漏处理方面有待加强。基于以上结果,在后续安全教育过程中,普及GHS标识及MSDS,对相关知识进行针对性的查漏补缺;充分利用线上资源,弥补线下教育因时间有限、容量有限导致的不足。     

基于认识化学正向价值的教学实践——以“二氧化碳*”为例

模拟大型科普求真类节目《是真的吗？》创设学习氛围;通过基于生活生产实际的“日常灭火可否用N₂代替CO₂”“深海捕获CO₂可否调控温室效应”“石油采矿业中,向油井下注射1吨CO₂可否增产原油3~5吨”“用石灰水可否保鲜鸡蛋”等4个核心问题及3个真假难辨的小问题,引导学生从化学的正向视角深刻认识二氧化碳的性质;利用移动磁贴板设计板书,引导学生经历并建构结构化知识体系。     

核心素养视域下化学学科知识的教学困境及消解策略

目前教育正在迈入核心素养的时代。核心素养为本的知识教学引发了很多教师的不适。需要对课堂教学与知识教学、核心素养和知识教学等关系进行梳理和理解。结合“金属钠及其化合物”内容,阐述了化学教学中存在的知识教学困境主要包括:知识点选择困境、包含知识的情境选择困境和训练反馈练习选择困境。提出教学困境的消解策略有:选择具有培养学生关键能力和必备品格的核心知识;创造出有利于知识学习的教学情境;充分发挥知识学习过程的引领作用和构建以促进学生意义启迪旨趣的知识教学。     

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》述评*

美国《科学教师培养标准(2020年版)》针对《新一代科学教育标准》的推行而修订,立足于科学教育最新研究成果,尤其突出学科内容知识的重要性,补充对科学本质和科学文化的要求,强化对工程和技术、交叉概念、学科观念的理解,突出学习进阶规律在科学教师培养中的应用。此外,在学科教学法、学习环境、安全、对学生学习的影响等维度做出相应的改动。该标准启示我国:借鉴国际改革趋势出台中国特色的科学教师培养标准,但科学教师培养也要本土化;学科内容知识对科学教师专业发展非常重要;科学教师的培养应立足于学习进阶的规律;职前科学教师培养需要注重学习环境建设。     

利用量子化学高斯软件辅助工科教学——以能源、环境、化工学科为例

介绍了量子化学高斯软件在能源、环境和化工等大学传统工科教学中的应用,并结合3个具体实例羟基自由基与臭氧的基元反应、一氧化氮与羟基自由基的基元反应和甲酸超临界水气化制氢的反应路径进行了详细说明。实践表明,采用该方法可以使工科生从微观层面去洞悉化学反应的内在规律和本质问题,从而加深学生对“微观化学知识”的理解,激发学生对深层次“微观化学知识”探求的积极性和热情,产生了良好的教学效果。     

关注学科知识的职前化学教师自主研修——基于“化学师范生备课组”的活动个案

学科知识是师范生专业素质的重要组成部分,研究基于化学师范生备课组以学科知识强化为主题的研修活动,从备课选题、研修过程、问题批判等方面探讨化学师范生学科知识强化新途径,评析化学师范生备课组的价值。     

Approaches to measuring inconsistency for stratified knowledge bases

A number of proposals have been proposed for measuring inconsistency for knowledge bases. However, it is rarely investigated how to incorporate preference information into inconsistency measures. This paper presents two approaches to measuring inconsistency for stratified knowledge bases. The first approach, termed the multi-section inconsistency measure (MSIM for short), provides a framework for characterizing the inconsistency at each stratum of a stratified knowledge base. Two instances of MSIM are defined: the naive MSIM and the stratum-centric MSIM. The second approach, termed the preference-based approach, aims to articulate the inconsistency in a stratified knowledge base from a global perspective. This approach allows us to define measures by taking into account the number of formulas involved in inconsistencies as well as the preference levels of these formulas. A set of desirable properties are introduced for inconsistency measures of stratified knowledge bases and studied with respect to the inconsistency measures introduced in the paper. Computational complexity results for these measures are presented. In addition, a simple but explanatory example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed approaches to requirements engineering.     

Using the Knowledge Quartet to quantify mathematical knowledge in teaching: the development of a protocol for Initial Teacher Education

This study examined trainee teachers' mathematical knowledge in teaching (MKiT) over their final year in a US Initial Teacher Education (ITE) programme. This paper reports on an exploratory methodological approach taken to use the Knowledge Quartet to quantify MKiT through the development of a new protocol to code trainees' teaching of mathematics lessons. This approach extends Rowland's et al. work on the Knowledge Quartet (KQ). Justification for using the KQ to quantify MKiT, and the potential benefits such an attempt might provide those involved with ITE, are discussed. It is suggested that quantified MKiT data based on the Knowledge Quartet can be used to consider MKiT development in novice teachers in order to inform ITE programmes and form new theoretical loops between theory and practice in teacher education.     

Closure-based constraints in formal concept analysis

We present a method of imposing constraints in extracting formal concepts (equivalently, closed itemsets or fixpoints of Galois connections) from a binary relation. The constraints are represented by closure operators and their purpose is to mimic background knowledge a user may have of the data. The idea is to consider and extract only these itemsets that are compatible with the background knowledge. As a result, the method extracts less clusters, those that are interesting from the user point of view, in a shorter time. The method makes it also possible to extract minimal bases of attribute dependencies in the input data that are compatible with the background knowledge. We provide examples of several particular types of constraints including those that appeared in the literature in the past and present algorithms to compute the constrained formal concepts and attribute implications.     

The role of multiple solution tasks in developing knowledge and creativity in geometry

This paper describes changes in students’ geometrical knowledge and their creativity associated with implementation of Multiple Solution Tasks (MSTs) in school geometry courses. Three hundred and three students from 14 geometry classes participated in the study, of whom 229 students from 11 classes learned in an experimental environment that employed MSTs while the rest learned without any special intervention in the course of one school year. This longitudinal study compares the development of knowledge and creativity between the experimental and control groups as reflected in students’ written tests. Geometry knowledge was measured by the correctness and connectedness of the solutions presented. The criteria for creativity were: fluency, flexibility, and originality. The findings show that students’ connectedness as well as their fluency and flexibility benefited from implementation of MSTs. The study supports the idea that originality is a more internal characteristic than fluency and flexibility, and therefore more related with creativity and less dynamic. Nevertheless, the MSTs approach provides greater opportunity for potentially creative students to present their creative products than conventional learning environment. Cluster analysis of the experimental group identified three clusters that correspond to three levels of student performance, according to the five measured criteria in pre- and post-tests, and showed that, with the exception of originality, performance in all three clusters generally improved on the various criteria.