“国家工作人员”范围的刑法思考——以我国《刑法》第九十三条为分析视角

认定“国家工作人员”的范围,应立足于我国《刑法》第九十三条的规定,从刑法理论的角度对“从事公务”、“国家机关”范围、“委派”以及“准国家工作人员”等问题进行探讨。进一步明确“国家工作人员”的范围应完善相关立法,具体包括四个方面：其一,明确相关概念;其二,明确界定标准;其三,明确“委派”的涵义;其四,明确“其他依照法律从事公务的人员”的范围。     

Bidder's organ of Bufo ictericus: a light and electron microscopy analysis

Male toads of the Bufonidae Family have rudimentary ovaries designated Bidder's organs, and if the testes are removed this organ develops into a functional ovary, representing a morphological strategy for the reproduction of the species. The Bidder's organ of Bufo ictericus was examined using routine and histochemical techniques by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Each Bidder's organ presented a typical ovarian morphology, being composed of a cortex and a medulla. Bidderian follicles in different stages of development were visualized in the cortex, where they are better developed. The germ cells exhibit a large oocyte with a round-shaped nucleus. The Bidderian follicles are supported by a loose net of reticular fibers. In the medullar region, collagen fibers were immersed in the matrix rich in blood vessels that also contained a small quantity of neutral glycoproteins rich in hexose and/or sialic acid and carboxylated polymers with a characteristic distribution of glycosaminoglycans. The oocyte and the follicular cells were separated by a narrow space containing microvilli. The oocyte exhibit a well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a poorly developed Golgi apparatus, and occasional lysosomes. Concentric cisternal complexes are often visualized; however, their morphological significance remains unclear. The peroxisomes display a fine granular matrix without a crystalline core, with a weak 3,3′-diaminobenzidine-reaction. Intimate association between peroxisomes, peroxisomes and lipid inclusions was observed in the oocyte, suggesting its participation in yolk metabolism.     

Investigation of Enterohepatic Bile Acid Circulation with [15N]Taurocholate

Abstract

[¹⁵N]Taurocholate has been prepared and used as a simple urine test substrate as a substitute for ¹⁴C- and ¹³C breath test substrates. [¹⁵N]Taurocholate was administered instead of [¹⁵N] glycocholate assuming that taurine is mainly used in the cholate cycle. Differences were found between healthy and diseased subjects, although deconjugated [¹⁵N]taurine was recovered in urine much less than expected. To get additional information on the actual excess of free taurine, [¹⁵N]taurine was administered orally in parallel investigations. Apparently, large fluctuations in the whole body taurine metabolism are responsible for the unexpected results.     

SPF级与普通级Hartley豚鼠主要脏器系数的比较

目的测定SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠的主要脏器质量,比较屏障环境和普通环境下豚鼠脏器系数的差异。方法取2月龄SPF级和普通级豚鼠雌雄各30只,剖检取心、肝、脾、肺、肾等13个脏器,称其质量并计算脏器系数。结果SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠雌性之间比较,体质量、心、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺、子宫质量差异极显著（P〈0．01）;SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠雄性之间比较,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺、胸腺、睾丸、附睾等其质量差异极显著（P〈0．01）。SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠雌性之间比较,心、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺、子宫的脏器系数差异极显著（P〈0．01）。SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠雄性之间比较,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肾上腺、胸腺、睾丸、附睾的脏器系数差异极显著（P〈0．01）。结论SPF级和普通级Hartley豚鼠比,除脑以外的脏器系数均有显著差异,且普通级豚鼠的脏器系数普遍高于SPF级豚鼠。     

一种通用的红外人脸器官定位算法

红外人脸热像图是红外成像领域的研究热点之一,而对作为其基础性研究的通用红外人脸定位算法却研究的较少。利用由人脸生理结构造成的温度特异性和由温度变化形成的图像边缘,给出了一种通用的人脸器官定位算法。首先利用温度特异性定位鼻孔等温度特异性强的区域,然后以此为参考点,结合面部器官分布特点,对融合提取的图像边缘信息进行眼睛等其他器官的定位。实验结果表明,该方法对各器官的平均定位精度均达到了90%以上,具有一定的实用价值。另外,该方法不仅可以对常规的眼、鼻、口等器官进行定位,而且还可以对眉骨、瞳孔等位置进行定位。     

三种垫料的生物学安全性评价

目的观察杨木、玉米芯、松木三种垫料物质对大、小鼠体质量、血生化、脏器及脏器系数的影响。方法昆明小鼠60只,雌雄各半,随机分为3组,每组20只,分别使用杨木、玉米芯、松木垫料。Wistar大鼠60只,雌雄各半,随机分为三组,每组20只。分别使用杨木、玉米芯、松木垫料。动物饲养4周后取血测定血生化指标ALT、TP、ALP、LDH、T-SOD、ADH,处死测定脏器重量计算脏器系数。结果 1）体质量结果：与杨木组比较,松木组雄性小鼠的体质量有显著性的降低,P〈0.001。与玉米芯组比较,松木组雄性大鼠自第三周开始体质量降低,P〈0.05。2）血生化结果：小鼠：与杨木组比较,玉米芯组雄性谷丙转氨酶有极显著性升高,P〈0.001;松木组雌性乳酸脱氢酶有显著性降低,P〈0.01;松木组和玉米芯组雌性小鼠活力乙醇脱氢酶有显著性降低,P〈0.001,P〈0.05。大鼠：松木组雄性乙醇脱氢酶与杨木组比较有显著性升高,P〈0.01。3）脏器重量结果：小鼠：与杨木组比较,松木组雄性肝有极显著性降低,P〈0.01,脑有显著性降低,P〈0.05,肾有显著性升高,P〈0.05;玉米芯组雄性动物肾有显著性升高,P〈0.05,肾上腺有显著性降低,P〈0.05,睾丸有显著性升高,P〈0.05。大鼠：玉米芯组肝脏与杨木组和松木组比较有显著性升高P〈0.001,P〈0.05;松木组肾脏和脑与杨木组比较有极显著性升高,P〈0.01,P〈0.01;松木组前列腺与玉米芯组比较有显著性升高,P〈0.05,与杨木组比较有极显著性升高,P〈0.01。4）脏器系数结果：小鼠：与杨木组比较,松木组雄性肝脏、脑系数有显著性降低,P〈0.01,P〈0.05,松木组和玉米芯组雌性肾脏、雄性睾丸系数有显著性升高,P〈0.01。大鼠：玉米芯组雄性肝脏与杨木组比较有极显著性增大,P〈0.001。结论杨木垫料是较好的小鼠实验动物垫料,玉米芯垫料可作为备选产品,松木垫料应慎用。     

血管内皮生长因子研究进展

血管内皮生长因子是一种有效的血管形成和血管通透性诱导因子,特异性地作用于血管内皮细胞,具有维持血管正常状态和完整性、增加血管通透性、促进血管生成的作用。在正常成人和动物组织中表达水平较低,一些代谢旺盛、血供丰富的组织中VEGF表达水平略高,一些病理情况下可以过度表达。     

Acoustic measurements of the infinitesimal phase response curve from a sounding organ pipe

The infinitesimal phase response curve (iPRC) of an organ pipe was measured using two types of external forcing, namely, sinusoidal and pulse forcing. Although the measured iPRCs exhibited different shapes because of the difficulty in realizing ideal pulses in acoustic experiments, the spectral structures agreed between both methods. Both measurements indicated that an external sound, which matched the pipe's second resonance, could most effectively induce frequency locking. Acoustically, this may be considered as a consequence of the pipe's open end. Our study is of significant importance in understanding the characteristics of frequency locking among organ pipes.     

9～10周龄CB6F1与B6CF1小鼠血生化、主要脏器重量及脏器系数测定

摘要：目的 测定CB6F1与B6CF1小鼠血生化、主要脏器重量和脏器系数,并进行比较分析。方法 随机选取9～10周龄SPF级CB6F1与B6CF1小鼠各40只,雌雄各半。分别称重,麻醉后摘眼球采血后,颈椎脱臼处死,运用全自动生化分析仪测定血生化指标,并采集脏器测定脏器重量,计算脏器系数。 结果 14项血生化指标比较,CB6F1小鼠雌雄之间有11项指标（11/14）、B6CF1小鼠雌雄之间有9项指标（9/14）、CB6F1与B6CF1小鼠雌性之间有10项指标（10/14）,雄性之间11项（11/14）指标均存在显著性差异（P﹤0.05）。CB6F1与B6CF1小鼠主要脏器重量与脏器系数比较,同品系雌雄之间,同性别2个品系之间,均有部分指标存在显著性差异（P﹤0.05）。结论 以BALB/c和C57BL/6为不同父母本杂交产生的F1代小鼠CB6F1和B6CF1,其血生化指标、脏器重量和脏器系数有所不同。     

内蒙古荒漠草原三种野生葱属植物解剖结构的抗旱性分析

对内蒙古荒漠草原三种野生葱属植物蒙古韭、碱韭和细叶韭的根和叶进行了形态结构观察,结果表明:1、根均为四原型或五原型,皮层厚,皮层/半径比例均为90%左右.2、叶均由表皮、光合组织、储水组织和维管束组成.表皮细胞外向壁加厚,气孔器下陷;栅栏组织为环栅型,海绵组织不发达,储水组织较发达.3、三种植物根和叶的解剖结构存在一定差异,如皮层厚度在蒙古韭与细叶韭差异显著;而蒙古韭与碱韭差异不显著.皮层/半径比例在蒙古韭与细叶韭差异显著,而碱韭与蒙古韭和细叶韭差异均不显著.储水组织所占比例为蒙古韭>碱韭>细叶韭,差异均显著;表明蒙古韭根和叶的储水能力最强,碱韭次之,细叶韭最弱.角质层厚度为细叶韭>碱韭、蒙古韭,细叶韭与蒙古韭和碱韭差异均显著;说明细叶韭叶抵抗大气干旱能力较强.4、三种植物根皮层和叶光合组织中具有分泌细胞或较发达的分泌组织.综合以上结果,以上三种野生葱属植物营养器官的形态结构均有旱生特征,而抗旱能力存在一定的差异.