某工程混凝土质量缺陷原因分析及对策

山西省万家寨引黄工程总干三级，南干一、二泵站出水压力平洞和竖井在施工后期和试通水过程中发现存在不同程度的混凝土质量缺陷。对这些质量缺陷进行了分析，并提出了处理措施。     

Ultrasonic cavitation at liquid/solid interface in a thin Ga–In liquid layer with free surface

Cavitation in thin layer of liquid metal has potential applications in chemical reaction, soldering, extraction, and therapeutic equipment. In this work, the cavitation characteristics and acoustic pressure of a thin liquid Ga–In alloy were studied by high speed photography, numerical simulation, and bubble dynamics calculation. A self-made ultrasonic system with a TC4 sonotrode, was operated at a frequency of 20 kHz and a max output power of 1000 W during the cavitation recording experiment. The pressure field characteristic inside the thin liquid layer and its influence on the intensity, types, dimensions, and life cycles of cavitation bubbles and on the cavitation evolution process against experimental parameters were systematically studied. The results showed that acoustic pressure inside the thin liquid layer presented alternating positive and negative characteristics within 1 acoustic period (T). Cavitation bubbles nucleated and grew during the negative-pressure stage and shrank and collapsed during the positive-pressure stage. A high bubble growth speed of 16.8 m/s was obtained and evidenced by bubble dynamics calculation. The maximum absolute pressure was obtained at the bottom of the thin liquid layer and resulted in the strongest cavitation. Cavitation was divided into violent and weak stages. The violent cavitation stage lasted several hundreds of acoustic periods and had higher bubble intensity than the weak cavitation stage. Cavitation cloud preferentially appeared during the violent cavitation stage and had a life of several acoustic periods. Tiny cavitation bubbles with life cycles shorter than 1 T dominated the cavitation field. High cavitation intensities were observed at high ultrasonication power and when Q235B alloy was used because such conditions lead to high amplitudes on the substrate and further high acoustic pressure inside the liquid.     

高压下富氢高温超导体的研究进展

近年来,高压强极端条件下的富氢化合物成为高温超导体研究的热点目标材料体系.该领域目前取得了两个标志性重要进展,先后发现了共价型H3S富氢超导体(Tc=200 K)和以LaH10(Tc=260 K,–13℃),YH6,YH9等为代表的一类氢笼合物结构的离子型富氢超导体,先后刷新了超导温度的新纪录.这些研究工作燃发了人们在高压下富氢化合物中发现室温超导体的希望.本文重点介绍高压下富氢高温超导体的相关研究进展,讨论富氢化合物产生高温超导电性的物理机理,展望未来在富氢化合物中发现室温超导体的可能性并提出多元富氢化合物候选体系.     

Associations between Neurocardiovascular Signal Entropy and Physical Frailty

In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between noninvasively measured neurocardiovascular signal entropy and physical frailty was explored in a sample of community-dwelling older adults from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). The hypothesis under investigation was that dysfunction in the neurovascular and cardiovascular systems, as quantified by short-length signal complexity during a lying-to-stand test (active stand), could provide a marker for frailty. Frailty status (i.e., “non-frail”, “pre-frail”, and “frail”) was based on Fried’s criteria (i.e., exhaustion, unexplained weight loss, weakness, slowness, and low physical activity). Approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn) were calculated during resting (lying down), active standing, and recovery phases. There was continuously measured blood pressure/heart rate data from 2645 individuals (53.0% female) and frontal lobe tissue oxygenation data from 2225 participants (52.3% female); both samples had a mean (SD) age of 64.3 (7.7) years. Results revealed statistically significant associations between neurocardiovascular signal entropy and frailty status. Entropy differences between non-frail and pre-frail/frail were greater during resting state compared with standing and recovery phases. Compared with ApEn, SampEn seemed to have better discriminating power between non-frail and pre-frail/frail individuals. The quantification of entropy in short length neurocardiovascular signals could provide a clinically useful marker of the multiple physiological dysregulations that underlie physical frailty.     

Pressure-induced anomalous insulating behavior in frustrated iridate La_3Ir_3O_(11)

The geometrically frustrated iridate La_3Ir_3O_(11) with strong spin–orbit coupling and fractional valence was recently predicted to be a quantum spin liquid candidate at ambient conditions. Here, we systematically investigate the evolution of structural and electronic properties of La_3Ir_3O_(11) under high pressure. Electrical transport measurements reveal an abnormal insulating behavior rather than metallization above a critical pressure P_c ～ 38.7 GPa. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction(XRD)experiments indicate the stability of the pristine cubic KSbO_3-type structure up to 73.1 GPa. Nevertheless, when the pressure gradually increases across P_c, the bulk modulus gets enhanced and the pressure dependence of bond length d_(Ir-Ir) undergoes a slope change. Consistent with the XRD data, detailed analyses of Raman spectra reveal an abnormal redshift of Raman mode and a change of Raman intensity around P_c. Our results demonstrate that the pressure-induced insulating behavior in La_3Ir_3O_(11) can be assigned to the structural modification, such as the distortion of IrO_6 octahedra. These findings will shed light on the emergent abnormal insulating behavior in other 5 d iridates reported recently.     

一种连续无创血压监测头带的研究

目前大多数无创血压测量采用的是袖带示波测量法,仪器携带不方便;通过气泵对袖带进行充放气,测量周期长,不能够对人体血压进行连续地测量,考虑研制穿戴式血压测量头带,对人体血压进行无创连续测量.采用高分辨率心电采集芯片ADS1292R采集头部微弱心电信号(electrocardiogram,ECG),同时使用反射式光电传感器在眉骨处采集时间上严格同步的光电容积脉搏波信号(photoplethysmography,PPG).分别定位ECG和PPG的特征点,计算PPG信号传播延迟(pulse wave transit time,PWTT),并和同一时刻血压值进行相关性分析以及回归分析,建立血压测量模型,即可根据PWTT求得血压.对试验者进行实验表明,采用该便携式无创血压检测装置与传统无创血压测量法对比,误差维持在5％以内.该检测头带信号采集均在头部完成,穿戴方便,功耗低,舒适性强,是一种可行的便携无创连续血压监测装置;同时可将检测结果通过蓝牙实时传至用户手机或PDA装置显示并存储,完成长时间动态血压监护.     

砂土地层盾构开挖面极限最小支护压力

盾构施工过程中开挖面支护压力控制不当有可能导致周边管线破裂、建筑物倾斜等严重的风险事故.基于Flac3D数值模型及极限平衡模型研究了砂土地层中不同埋深比(C/D)及土层内摩擦角对开挖面失稳模式和极限最小支护压力的影响机制.通过对比分析两种方法,得出现有极限平衡模型由于无法反映开挖面失稳过程中侧压力系数随开挖面位移和埋深动态变化过程,因而与实际极限支护压力存在较大差异.该研究为砂土地层工程实践提供重要的理论依据.     

硅压力传感器基座受力变形时的输出性能

为分析硅压力传感器基座受力变形对传感器输出性能的影响,首先利用弹性力学理论和板壳理论分析推导了压力传感器方形膜片应力分布,为力敏电阻在应变膜上的布置提供依据;再利用ANSYS进行分析模拟,探究了传感器基座结构变形对应变膜应力差的影响;然后针对减小基座受力变形对芯片受力的影响,对基座结构进行适当优化,并对比仿真分析的结果;最后通过实验测得优化前后的传感器输出数据.结果表明,传感器基座结构优化后,传感器硅芯片中心最大变形量从2.172μm降低到1.819μm,输出误差从0.95%下降到0.60%.     

车用乙醇汽油体积分数估计

为获得精确的乙醇体积分数,在发动机进气模型的基础上,设计了高增益观测器估计歧管压力,并对观测器误差进行了收敛性和稳定性分析.设计PI控制器对空燃比进行控制,使过量空气系数趋于理论值.利用PI控制器输出的燃油反馈信号,通过积分清零运算得出化学计量空燃比(Rs),根据Rs与乙醇体积分数的关系计算得出乙醇体积分数估计值.仿真结果表明:乙醇体积分数估计时间在2s以内,估计误差绝对值小于1%,满足汽车的排放性和经济性要求.     

基于蚁群搜索理论的优化卡尔曼步频预测

为了使智能下肢能够实时地调节膝关节阻尼,使其固有频率与实际步频相符,达到更加接近正常步态的效果,提出了一种基于蚁群搜索理论的卡尔曼步频预测算法.利用蚁群算法在规定的连续域中寻找卡尔曼预测方程中系统误差与测量误差两个参数的最优组合,实现对卡尔曼预测方程的优化.通过获取六组人行走的步频数据进行实验,结果表明:经蚁群算法优化后,卡尔曼预测算法预测得到的步频与后验值之间的误差比跟随方式的误差分别减少了44.10%,43.42%和36.17%,证明了基于蚁群搜索理论的优化卡尔曼步频预测方法在智能下肢控制上具有良好的应用前景.