屈服幂律流体螺旋层流流动压降简化模型#

钻井过程中环空流动压降的准确预测能够为井底动压力的精确控制提供理论依据,避免出现因井底压力控制不当而导致的溢流、井漏乃至井喷等井下复杂情况。当前国内外学者针对不同钻井条件下的流动压降开展过大量的理论和实验研究,但现有研究成果很难实现螺旋层流流动压降的准确便捷预测。为了实现螺旋层流流动压降的准确便捷预测,在基于数值模型预测结果的基础上,建立屈服幂律流体螺旋层流流动压降预测简化模型,并利用仿真模拟和室内实验结果对简化模型的有效性进行了验证。结果表明:屈服幂律流体同心环空螺旋层流流动压降简化模型预测结果与实验结果和仿真模拟均吻合较好,简化模型预测误差仅为±5%。     

Experimental study on equilibrium deviations in atmospheric pressure argon/helium surface wave discharges

Atmospheric pressure surface wave discharges generated with Ar–He mixtures with He concentrations up to 99% were studied using spectroscopic techniques. The variation of electron density and linear power density with He concentration and along the plasma column is discussed together with the excitation temperatures derived from the Boltzmann plot of the excited states of Ar I and the values of the b(p) parameters to derive the thermodynamic equilibrium state of the discharge. Important deviations with respect to Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium were observed for He concentrations over 50% as the discharge shifts from a recombining to an ionizing behaviour. Furthermore, the discharge kinetic variations behind these changes are discussed.     

两种煤样渗透率对轴压及围压变化响应特征的试验研究

针对两种不同煤样在轴压及围压变化作用下的渗透率演化关系,利用自主研发的含瓦斯煤岩热-流-固耦合三轴渗流试验装置,开展变围压及变轴压条件下煤样渗透率的实验研究。实验结果表明:1轴压与围压加载使得两种煤样渗透率均减小,轴压及围压变化对于构造煤软煤样渗透率影响特征均符合负指数函数分布规律;轴压变化与硬煤的渗透率变化符合直线变化规律;围压对于硬煤渗透率影响特征符合负指数函数分布特征,均给出了拟合参数;2轴压变化对于软煤样渗透率的影响大于硬煤,围压变化对于两种不同煤样渗透率的影响远远大于轴压。研究结果为采动条件下渗透率演化提供理论参考依据。     

温州软粘土不排水真三轴试验的研究

利用英国GDS真三轴仪,针对原状温州软粘土进行恒定小主应力 下不同中主应力系数b的固结不排水试验。在三维应力状态下,研究不同中主力条件下粘土的强度变形特性,利用相同应力路径下主应力旋转对比试验反映土的各向异性特性。研究结果表明：在轴向压缩(TC)试验中,随着加载的进行,偏应力逐渐增大并趋于平稳,并随中主应力系数b呈现先增大后减小的趋势,b=0.8时出现峰值;广义剪应力峰值呈现先增大后减小的趋势,峰值在0.6~0.8之间;轴向压缩试验(TC)加载过程中,当b=0.4时,中主应变接近为0,可视为平面应变情况;在b=0.4~1.0之间时,剪缩效应受中主应力系数b影响较明显;b=1.0时,轴向压缩(TC)试验破坏强度高于轴向拉伸(TE)试验的破坏强度,其应力应变响应有显著不同;在π平面上,Lade-Duncan准则对试验点的拟合精度优于Mohr-Coulomb准则和Matsuoka-Nakai准则。     

Thermoelectric properties of HPHT sintered In-doped Pb0.5Sn0.5Te

The thermoelectric properties of Pb_0.5Sn_0.5Te doped with In at 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0×10¹⁹/cm³ and sintered at a high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) of 4.0 GPa and 800 or 900 °C, respectively, have been studied. All samples show p-type semiconducting behavior with positive thermopower. We find that HPHT sintering of conventionally synthesized materials improves their thermoelectric properties. The highest power factor is obtained for In doping of 2.0×10¹⁹/cm³ with 13.5 μW/cm K² at 230 °C. The corresponding figure of merit is 1.43×10⁻³/K. This represents a twofold improvement in thermoelectric figure of merit, compared to the conventionally sintered materials reported in the literature. When exposed to 400 °C for 10 days, samples sintered at 900 °C exhibit more stable thermoelectric properties, while the properties of those sintered at 800 °C deteriorated. These results demonstrate that HPHT sintering is a viable and controllable way of tuning the thermoelectric properties of PbTe-based materials.     

Synthesis of boron suboxide (B6O) with ball milled boron oxide (B2O3) under lower pressure and temperature

Boron reacted with ball milled boron oxide under pressures between 1 and 5 GPa and at temperatures between 1300 and 1700 °C to afford boron suboxide (B₆O). Icosahedral B₆O grains with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 1.3 μm were prepared. The factors that affect the synthesis of B₆O are investigated. The best sample with crystal size up to 1.3 μm is obtained at 2 GPa and 1400 °C for 6 h. The indentation experiment gave an average Vickers hardness of 32.3 GPa for bulk B₆O sample, which is consistent with previous reports. Bulk B₆O sample exhibits oxidation resistance in air up to 1000 °C and mild oxidation in the temperatures of 1000-1200 °C, which is more oxidation resistant than diamond. It is possible that B₆O could be used as a substitute for diamond in industry because of its relatively mild synthesis conditions, high thermal stability and high hardness.     

Pressure‐Induced Structural Transition in WO3 Nanowires

Raman spectroscopic analysis is performed on WO₃ nanowires at room temperature at pressures from ambient conditions to 45 GPa. Linear dependence of the first‐order Raman signal on various high‐pressure (HP) sections is observed. Upon increasing the applied pressure, the WO₃ nanowires undergo four phase transitions at pressures around 1.7, 4.6, 21.5, and 26.2 GPa, which are all less than that reported for bulk WO₃. When the pressure is up to 42.5 GPa, a new high‐pressure phase (HP5) appears. This phase has never been reported and is not reversible while unloading the pressure.     

Inline pneumatically assisted atmospheric pressure matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization ion trap mass spectrometry

Atmospheric pressure (AP) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is known to suffer from poor ion transfer efficiencies as compared to conventional vacuum MALDI (vMALDI). To mitigate these issues, a new AP‐MALDI ion source utilizing a coaxial gas flow was developed. Nitrogen, helium, and sulfur hexafluoride were tested for their abilities as ion carriers for a standard peptide and small drug molecules. Nitrogen showed the best ion transport efficiency, with sensitivity gains of up to 1900% and 20% for a peptide standard when the target plate voltage was either continuous or pulsed, respectively. The addition of carrier gas not only entrained the ions efficiently but also deflected background species and declustered analyte–matrix adducts, resulting in higher absolute analyte signal intensities and greater signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratios. With the increased sensitivity of pneumatically assisted (PA) AP‐MALDI, the limits of detection of angiotensin I were 20 or 3 fmols for continuous or pulsed target plate voltage, respectively. For analyzing low‐mass analytes, it was found that very low gas flow rates (0.3–0.6 l min^?1) were preferable owing to increased fragmentation at higher gas flows. The analyte lability, type of gas, and nature of the extraction field between the target plate and mass spectrometer inlet were observed to be the most important factors affecting the performance of the in‐line PA‐AP‐MALDI ion source. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.