供氢剂与分散型催化剂在渣油裂化反应中的作用

对分散型催化剂和供氢剂对辽河减压渣油热裂化反应、临氢热裂化反应以及加氢裂化反应的作用进行了研究 ,考察了分散型催化剂、供氢剂在单独或共用时对渣油裂化反应的影响。实验结果表明 ,辽河减压渣油改质中生焦量和渣油转化率的关系与具体的加工过程有关。在同样的生焦量下 ,渣油转化率由大到小依次为 :高氢压催化供氢过程、低氢压催化供氢过程、高氢压催化过程、低氢压催化过程、临氢供氢过程、临氢过程、临氮供氢过程、临氮过程。渣油临氮裂化中 ,供氢剂可以在一定程度上抑制渣油生焦和裂化 ;分散型催化剂既可促进渣油裂化 ,又可作为结焦的晶种使渣油体系提前分相 ,生焦量急剧增加 ,同时对渣油中的供氢剂脱氢有促进作用。在临氢热裂化反应中 ,氢气的参与使渣油的裂化反应和生焦反应受到抑制 ,但氢气对生焦反应的抑制能力远大于对裂化反应的抑制能力。在催化加氢裂化过程中 ,分散型催化剂极大地抑制了生焦反应。分散型催化剂和供氢剂共用可使催化剂的活性有所提高。添加供氢剂后 ,裂化产物中VGO的收率增加 ,生焦量减少 ,而渣油转化率略有降低。     

臭氧脱除蔬菜中残留有机磷农药的研究

用臭氧处理蔬菜中残留的甲胺磷、敌敌畏、氧化乐果,研究臭氧对蔬菜中常见有机磷农药脱除效果.结果表明,臭氧处理蔬菜中残留的甲胺磷、氧化乐果、敌敌畏3种有机磷农药效果明显,经10 mg/L臭氧处理30 min后,蔬菜中残留的有机磷农药脱除率在85%以上.     

马铃薯羧甲基淀粉糊化特性研究

对马铃薯羧甲基淀粉糊性质进行了详细的研究,包括不同取代度羧甲基淀粉糊化温度,糊的冻融稳定性、透明度、抗霉生长能力及温度、浓度、回旋速度、pH值和介质对羧甲基淀粉糊粘度性质的影响.结果表明,马铃薯羧甲基淀粉具有低温易糊化,糊凝沉性弱,冻融稳定性好,抗霉能力强和透明度高的优良性质.氯化钠及钙离子对马铃薯羧甲基淀粉粘度性质有较大的影响.     

环Z/2~n上仿射函数Walsh谱的快速算法

通过研究环Z/2n上仿射函数进位函数的性质,首先给出了一个计算环Z/2n上仿射函数Walsh谱的快速算法,进而给出了环Z/2n上多输出仿射函数Walsh谱的快速算法.实验表明,该算法可以将环Z/2n上仿射函数Walsh谱的计算复杂度由关于变量规模n的指数时间降为线性时间.     

Production of bacterial cellulose from alternate feedstocks

Production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 10821 and 23770 in static cultures was tested from unamended food process effluents. Effluents in cluded low-solids (LS) and high-solids (HS) potato effluents, cheese whey permeate (CW), or sugar beet raffinate (CSB). Strain 23770 produced 10% less cellulose from glucose than did strain 10821 and diverted more glucose to gluconate. Unamended HS, CW, and CSB were unsuitable for cellulose production by either strain, and LS was unsuitable for production by strain 10821. However, strain 23770 produced 17% more cellulose from LS than from glucose, indicating that unamended LS could serve as a feedstock for bacterial cellulose.     

牛奶中氨基苷柱后衍生高效液相色谱法的建立

建立了庆大霉素（氨基苷类抗生素）在牛奶中残留量柱后衍生高效液相色谱检测法。牛奶样品采用磷酸缓冲液提取，三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白，固相萃取净化，甲醇洗脱氮气吹干。反相高效液相色谱法分离柱后衍生荧光检测。该方法简化了前处理步骤，缩短了分析时间，并促进了在线自动化分析技术的开发。本方法的线性、准确性和精密度以及检测限和定量限均符合标准方法的要求，适用于牛奶中庆大霉素残留量的检测。     

Indirect determination of soluble trace elements in certified reference materials by neutron activation analysis

Since 1983 we have analyzedaqua regia extracts from environmental reference materials of 5 different soils and 4 different sludges by neutron activation analysis. Aqua regia as such is not accepted for irradiation in a nuclear reactor, and therefore the solution has to be evaporated to dryness, mixed and dried to constant weight before an aliquot can be taken and subjected to instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Results for leachable Cr and Zn were found to display greater variability than results for total contents of these elements, and the reasons for this will be discussed.For the 1994 certification campaign for one soil and two sludges we have chosen to determine the total content of trace elements in these reference materials by INAA before and afteraqua regia leaching. The leachable contents are then found indirectly as a difference between the two results; in this way we eliminate the sources of uncertainty associated with the drying and handling of theaqua regia extracts, and we reduce the contributions from counting statistics.     

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on amylose-lipid complex formation and properties of sweet potato starch-based films

To investigate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of sweet potato starch and sweet potato starch-based films, the complexing index, thermograms and diffractograms of the sweet potato starch-lauric acid composite were tested, and light transmission, microstructure, and mechanical and moisture barrier properties of the films were measured. The results indicated that the low power density ultrasound was beneficial to the formation of an inclusion complex. In thermograms, the gelatinization enthalpies of the ultrasonically treated starches were lower than those of the untreated sample. With the ultrasonic amplitude increased from 40% to 70%, the melting enthalpy (ΔH) of the inclusion complex gradually decreased. X-ray diffraction revealed that the diffraction intensity of the untreated samples was weaker than that of the ultrasonically treated samples. When the ultrasonic amplitude was above 40%, the diffraction intensity and relative crystallinity of inclusion complex gradually decreased. The scanning electronic microscope showed that the surface of the composite films became smooth after being treated by ultrasonication. Ultrasonication led to a reduction in film surface roughness under atomic force microscopy analysis. The films with ultrasonic treatment exhibited higher light transmission, lower elongation at break, higher tensile strength and better moisture barrier property than those without ultrasonic treatment.     

轻工业纤维素生物质过程残渣能源化技术

以农产品为原料的轻工业大都是典型的流程工业,在通过转化过程将原料转化为食品、饮料、添加剂、调味料、纸和中成药等产品的同时产生被称为过程残渣的固体废物与废料,如白酒糟、酒精糟、醋糟、甘蔗渣、中药渣、油粕、酱渣、菌渣和造纸黑液可熔渣等.这些残渣产生于特定的生产过程,富含纤维素、蛋白质或木质素,因此代表一种已经被集中的生物质资源.它们同时含水50%-80%、易腐烂变质、甚至呈弱酸碱性,因此是重要的环境污染源.本文着眼于轻工生物质过程残渣的高值化利用,分析指出富含纤维素的白酒糟、醋糟、甘蔗渣、中药渣、茶渣和造纸边角料等适合作为生物质能源而被转化利用,并根据资源特征提出了可能的技术路线.通过分别对热化学路线涉及的脱水干燥、燃烧发电与气化发电技术和集成乙醇发酵、沼气发酵的复合转化技术进行技术综述,最后针对不同规模的富含纤维素轻工生物质过程残渣能源化提供了技术选择建议.