甘薯花粉—柱头乳突细胞间相互作用的细胞学研究

以甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为亲本进行人工自花授粉;以甘薯鸟吃种和高自一号为母本,河北351为父本进行杂交授粉.观察了花粉在柱头上的行为,柱头乳突细胞表面糖蛋白的定位分布,授粉前后乳突细胞超微结构的变化.结果表明,不育组合首先表现出花粉在柱头上粘附和水合能力很弱,花粉不萌发.能育组合授粉后花粉在柱头上的粘附水合能力很强,多数花粉萌发.但有的花粉管不进入柱头,仅在乳突细胞表面爬行,或提前破裂,释放内容物;以及在花粉管接触的柱头乳突细胞中沉积胼胝质.糖蛋白(钉红着色物质)在能育与不育组合的柱头乳突细胞壁上的分布有明显的差异,作者用细胞化学定位法验证了糖蛋白与自交不育可能存在的相关性.鸟吃种柱头乳突细胞杂交授粉后12h其超微结构明显退化;而自花授粉后3h就已明显退化.柱头乳突细胞退化的早晚可能与所授花粉是否能育相关.     

Analysis of volatiles emitted by potato plants by means of a Colorado beetle electroantennographic detector

An electroantennographic detector based on the antenna of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, 1824) was used to investigate volatile organic compounds emitted by injured potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L., 1753). Samples were collected on charcoal traps using the CLSA method. Analyses were performed with a GC-EAD-FID setup as well as a GC-MS system. The experiments revealed that several groups of compounds are perceptible to the Colorado potato beetle. The ability of the Colorado potato beetle to detect green leaf odours (e.g. (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (E)-2-hexenal), linalool and some terpenes has been noticed before [Visser et al., J. Chem. Ecol. 5 (1979) 13]. In this work the presence of (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal and linalool in the potato odour could be confirmed. Moreover, β-myrcene, benzeneethanol, and several sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene and germacrene-D) were identified. The GC-EAD experiments reveal that apart from the green leaf odours and linalool prominent reactions of the Colorado bettle antenna are induced by benzeneethanol and the sesquiterpene fraction.     

Saccharification and alcohol fermentation in starch solution of steam-exploded potato

Steam explosion pretreatment of potato for the efficient production of alcohol was experimentally studied. The amount of water-soluble starch increased with the increase of steam pressure, but the amounts of methanol-soluble material and Klason lignin remained insignificant, regardless of steam pressure. The potatoes exploded at high pressure were hydrolyzed into a low molecular liquid starch, and then easily converted into ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using mixed microorganisms: an amylolytic microorganism,Aspergillus awamori, and a fermentation microorganism,Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The maximal ethanol concentration was 4.2 g/L in a batch culture at 15 g/L starch concentration, and 3.6 g/L in a continuous culture fed the same starch concentration. In the fed-batch culture, the maximal ethanol concentration increased more than twofold, compared to the batch culture.     

薯蔓总黄酮的免疫调节作用

研究薯蔓总黄酮（FSPV）的非特异性免疫和特异性体液免疫调节作用。采用碳粒廓清实验研究了FSPV对正常和免疫低下小鼠的非特异性免疫功能;血清溶血素测定法研究了FSPV的特异性体液免疫功能。FSPV可提高正常和免疫低下小鼠的廓清指数K和吞噬指数a,尤其是400mg／kg剂量可使廓清指数极显著升高（P〈0．01）;实验所用剂量的FSPV对小鼠的血清溶血素HC50无显著影响。FSPV具有促进单核巨噬细胞系统吞噬功能的作用,可增强小鼠的非特异性免疫功能,但对小鼠的特异性体液免疫功能无显著影响。     

从CIP引进马铃薯资源的倍性鉴定

以马铃薯根尖为材料,用对二氯苯饱和溶液、1％秋水仙碱以及冰水混合物进行顸处理,醋酸洋红和卡宝品红染色,比较不同预处理方法和染色液对制片效果的影响,结果表明,预处理采用1％秋水仙碱中期分裂相多,染色体分散,而染色液采用卡宝品红着色效果好;鉴定了从CIP引进的马铃薯材料60份,其中二倍体材料10份,三倍体材料7份,四倍体材料43份。     

Extracting Total Anthocyanin from Purple Sweet Potato Using an Effective Ultrasound-Assisted Compound Enzymatic Extraction Technology

This study aimed to develop an effective technique for extracting total anthocyanins from purple sweet potato (Mianzishu 9) (PSP9) by ultrasound-assisted compound enzymatic extraction (UAEE). Single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman experimental design, and response surface methodology were utilized for optimizing extraction conditions, and the antioxidant activities were evaluated. Anthocyanins were also measured using an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph linked to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS). The maximum yield of total anthocyanins was 2.27 mg/g under the following conditions: the ethanol concentration was 78%, the material-to-liquid ratio was 1:15 g/mL, the enzyme ratio (cellulase: pectinase: papain) was 2:2:1 and its hydrolysis was at 41 °C, pH = 4.5, 1.5 h, the ultrasonication was at 48 °C and conducted twice for 20 min each time. In addition to higher yield, anthocyanins extracted from purple sweet potato by UAEE showed great ability to scavenge DPPH (IC₅₀ of 0.089 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radicals (IC₅₀ of 100.229 μg/mL). Five anthocyanins were found in the purple sweet potato extract from UAEE. Taken together, the ultrasound-assisted compound enzymatic method can rapidly and effectively extract anthocyanins with greater antioxidant capacity from purple sweet potato.     

Volatile Organic Compounds and Physiological Parameters as Markers of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Infection with Phytopathogens

The feasibility of early disease detection in potato seeds storage monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and plant physiological markers was evaluated using 10 fungal and bacterial pathogens of potato in laboratory-scale experiments. Data analysis of HS-SPME-GC-MS revealed 130 compounds released from infected potatoes, including sesquiterpenes, dimethyl disulfide, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, benzothiazole, 3-octanol, and 2-butanol, which may have been associated with the activity of Fusarium sambucinum, Alternaria tenuissima and Pectobacterium carotovorum. In turn, acetic acid was detected in all infected samples. The criteria of selection for volatiles for possible use as incipient disease indicators were discussed in terms of potato physiology. The established physiological markers proved to demonstrate a negative effect of phytopathogens infecting seed potatoes not only on the kinetics of stem and root growth and the development of the entire root system, but also on gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves, and yield. The negative effect of phytopathogens on plant growth was dependent on the time of planting after infection. The research also showed different usefulness of VOCs and physiological markers as the indicators of the toxic effect of inoculated phytopathogens at different stages of plant development and their individual organs.     

利用隶属函数法对不同基因型甘薯耐盐碱能力的分析与评价

以5个吉林省主栽甘薯品种为实验材料,采用盆栽法研究了盐碱胁迫下甘薯的生理响应机制,并运用隶属函数法对5个甘薯品种的耐盐碱性进行了比较和综合评价.结果表明:利用隶属函数法分析植物的抗逆性,可以避免单一因素对结果带来的不准确性,可以综合地分析植物抗逆性;盐碱胁迫抑制了甘薯的正常生长,且品种不同影响不同,吉1114的耐盐碱性表现较强,吉徐薯1号表现较弱.     

微波加工马铃薯片的研究

采用微波烘烤技术加工马铃薯片，并辅以菠萝汁浸渍来提高产品风味。试验结果表明：马铃薯片的热烫时间为3分钟，在菠萝汁中的浸渍时间为30分钟，加糖浓度4%～8%较为适宜，微波烘烤时间在110秒～130秒之间。     

红薯原汁饮料的研制

叙述了红薯原汁饮料的生产工艺及操作要点，并对红薯的护色护味方法进行了初步的探讨，通过正交试验确定了饮料最适稳定剂用量：黄原胶0.12%,CMC-Na0.2%，海藻酸钠0.15%。