High temperature creep behavior of phosphoric acid‐polybenzimidazole gel membranes

This work investigates the effects of polymer solids content and macromolecular structure on the high temperature creep behavior of polybenzimidazole (PBI) gel membranes imbibed with phosphoric acid (PA) after preparation via a polyphosphoric acid (PPA) mediated sol‐gel process Low‐solids, highly acid‐doped PBI membranes demonstrate outstanding fuel cell performance under anhydrous, ambient pressure, and high temperature (120–200 °C) operating conditions. However, PBI membranes are susceptible to creep under compressive loads at elevated temperatures, so their long‐term mechanical durability is a major concern. Here, we report results for the creep behavior of PBI membranes subject to compression at 180 °C. For para‐ and meta‐PBI homopolymers, increasing polymer solids content results in lower creep compliance and higher extensional viscosity, which may be rationalized by increasing chain density in the sol‐gel network. Comparing various homo‐ and copolymers at similar solids loading, differences in creep behavior may be rationalized in terms of chain–chain and chain‐solvent interactions that control macromolecular solubility and stiffness in the PA solvent. The results demonstrate the feasibility of improving the mechanical properties of PA‐doped PBI membranes by control of polymer solids content and rational design of PBI macromolecular structure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015 , 53, 1527–1538     

Influence of γ' precipitate on deformation and fracture during creep in PM nickel-based superalloy

FGH96 is a powder metallurgy nickel based superally used for turbine disk of aero-engines. In the present study FGH96 alloy with four different γ' precipitate microstructures were produced via solution heat-treatment with different cooling rates, and the maximum cooling rate reached 400°C/min which was a super cooling rate for Nickel-based superalloy. The creep tests were conducted for PM FGH96 alloy under the testing condition of 704°C and 690 MPa. The relationship between the creep properties and the distribution of γ' precipitate was established. The creep mechanism was analyzed by using TEM and ACTEM, and the dislocation movement was studied at the atomic scale. The creep strain rate was calculated through a physically based crystal slip model established based on crystal plasticity. The calculated results were consistent with the test ones, illustrating the validity of the model. The fracture mechanism was also investigated, and the results showed that the creep cracks generated on the surface due to the oxidation. It was observed that the cracks propagated in different ways depending on the different average diameters of γ' precipitate. With the decrease of the average γ' precipitate size,the critical shearing stress increased and the resistance of the dislocation slipping increased. The fracture mechanism for the primary stage transformed from intragranular to intergranular due to the change of dislocation slipping.     

镍基单晶高温合金蠕变机制研究进展

 叶片在服役过程中主要承受〈001〉轴向的离心载荷，由离心应力导致的蠕变损伤是叶片的主要失效机制之一。基于单晶叶片的典型服役条件，总结了国内外关于高温低应力和中温高应力蠕变变形损伤机制的研究现状，指出深入开展含典型缺陷单晶高温合金蠕变行为、氧化和热腐蚀对单晶合金蠕变-疲劳变形损伤机制影响研究十分必要。     

岩质边坡浅表层改造蠕动破坏机理探索与稳定性分析

山区边坡失稳常常造成交通堵塞、河流改道、人员伤亡等重大事故,带来极大的经济损失及安全隐患.基于对平溪河流域某边坡事故的详细地质勘察和测试分析,统计边坡出露结构面,研究并确定其历史形成机理,综合解译认为该边坡主要为浅表层改造逐渐形成,蠕动变形为主.结合现场踏勘及室内测试基本物理力学参数成果,采用二维极限平衡法和强度折减法对边坡各种工况下的稳定性进行评价,得出安全系数均不满足规范要求,最小为0.94.建议滑坡加固治理方案,为防护工程设计提供参考.     

复杂环境下软岩蠕变特性试验研究

对处于复杂环境下深部页岩蠕变特性进行试验研究,考察了在温度-应力-化学三场耦合作用下深部页岩蠕变特性的温度效应和pH值化学效应,并探讨了作用机理。研究结果表明,深部页岩的温度效应和pH值化学效应是明显的,而且pH值化学效应比温度效应更为显著;温度越高,页岩蠕变特性越明显,试验结果对当地煤矿井下的安全生产有参考价值;pH值越高,其蠕变特性越显著。     

轮对蠕滑条件下钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测

采用多体动力学与三维弹性体非赫兹滚动接触理论,得到不同轨底坡、超高、摩擦系数与曲线半径等多种轨道条件下的轮轨蠕滑状态,将接触力分别施加于钢轨有限元模型的接触斑位置,分析轨头应力应变响应,得到所有节点的疲劳参量.研究疲劳参量的组成类型,若剪应力与应变部分占主要组成部分,则采用剪切型裂纹萌生预测公式,否则采用拉伸型预测公式.分别预测导向轮与非导向轮作用下的曲线外轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命,结果表明,外轨疲劳裂纹主要由导向轮作用产生,非导向轮对其影响很小;裂纹萌生寿命随曲线半径的增大而延长,随摩擦系数的增大而减小;设置1∶20轨底坡可以延缓外轨疲劳裂纹萌生,尤其是在半径较小的曲线上效果更明显;过超高能延缓曲线外轨疲劳裂纹萌生;当摩擦系数大于0.3时裂纹萌生于曲线外轨表面,而小于0.3时裂纹萌生位置则逐渐向轨头内部转移.     

钛合金Ti-6242S高温棘轮行为实验研究

为揭示钛合金Ti-6242S的高温棘轮行为特征,对钛合金Ti-6242S在25~520℃的温度范围内进行了单调拉伸、应变循环和应力循环实验. 结果显示:随着温度的升高,钛合金的弹性模量和名义屈服应力降低,延伸率增加;材料在应变循环下呈现出循环软化特性;在应力循环下,材料呈现出明显的棘轮行为,棘轮应变随着加载的应力幅值和温度的增加而增加,且对加载历史具有依赖性;同时,高温下的棘轮应变由塑性应变和蠕变应变共同贡献. 恒定平均应力下,大的应力幅值导致损伤和棘轮行为的交互作用,急剧缩短材料的疲劳寿命.     

氟化乙丙烯薄膜单轴拉伸力学性能试验

对150μm厚氟化乙丙烯(FEP)薄膜沿MD和TD方向裁取的试样进行4种拉伸速度的单轴拉伸试验,得到相应的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率,并给出以应变速率为变量的线性拟合公式;进行3种拉伸应力的循环拉伸试验,得到每循环割线模量及残余应变;进行3种应力水平下的徐变试验,分析徐变发展趋势.结果表明:FEP薄膜的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率都随着应变速率的增大而增大;随着循环次数的增加,循环割线模量及残余应变趋于稳定;拉伸应力9MPa时材料产生明显徐变.试验结果对FEP薄膜工程设计应用具有参考价值.     

Climb via vacancy diffusion of edge dislocations in 2D dislocation microstructures

The prevention of strength degradation of components is one of the great challenges in solid mechanics. In particular, at high temperatures material may deform even at low stresses, a deformation mode known as deformation creep. One of the microstructural mechanisms that governs deformation creep is dislocation motion due to the absorption or emission of vacancies, which results in motion perpendicular to the glide plane, called dislocation climb. However, the importance of the dislocation network for the deformation creep remains far from being understood. In this study, a climb model that accounts for the dislocation network is developed, by solving the diffusion equation for vacancies in a region with a general dislocation distribution. The definition of the sink strength is extended, to account for the contributions of neighbouring dislocations to the climb rate. The model is then applied to dislocation dipoles and dislocation pile-ups, which are dense dislocation structures and it is found that the sink strength of dislocations in a pile-up is reduced since the vacancy field is distributed between the dislocations. Finally, the importance of the results for modelling deformation creep is discussed.     

Effects of crossed columnar defects on vortex pinning in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8

To investigate the existence of a splay effect in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈ (Bi-2212), vortex pinning has been studied in different configurations of strongly inclined columnar defects (75 from the c axis), installed by heavy-ion irradiation. It is shown that the symmetry of the track setting with respect to the field direction is a more influent parameter than the presence of a dispersion in the track directions. We claim that the enhanced pinning efficiency which is observed in some splayed configurations of columnar defects in Bi-2212 can be interpreted without invoking a splay effect. Received 27 December 1999