Pore size in one‐step swelling and polymerization of monodisperse polymer beads

Crosslinked polystyrene beads were prepared at low swelling ratios by one‐step swelling and polymerization method. Pore size of the beads was observed based on the GPC calibration curves. It is found that: (1) the pore size increases as the swelling ratio decreases; (2) when a good solvent is used as the porogen the pore size increases with the crosslinking monomer content; and (3) at high crosslinking monomer content the pore size does not depend on the porogen solubility. The effects are discussed in terms of polymer miscibility, including phase separation between the seed and bead polymers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3270–3277, 2000     

基于孔隙网络模型的碳酸盐岩岩心跨尺度分析

现有微观孔隙结构研究手段多局限于在微尺度提供孔喉尺寸、孔喉比等孔隙结构参数,所得结果无法直接应用于岩心尺度及矿场尺度等宏观尺度的研究中,其研究结果与储层实际结合具有一定困难。为此,从多尺度评价角度出发,以碳酸盐岩岩心数据体为研究对象建立孔隙网络模型分析碳酸盐岩微观孔隙结构,在此基础上,根据分布函数及分形函数对其进行尺度升级,获得岩心尺度评价参数。结果表明：尺度升级后的岩心表现出明显低渗、致密特性,与孔隙网络模型分析结果相符。可见,对微观孔隙结构分析结果进行尺度升级具有一定可行性,并且升级结果对于宏观尺度的评价工作具有一定的理论意义。     

不同压力下的黏土渗流性状试验研究

在诸如固结、沉降、降水等涉及渗透系数的岩土工程计算中,土层的渗透系数通常由渗透试验或现场抽水试验获得;并被视为常量。实际上渗透系数会随着外界条件的改变而发生变化,尤其是低渗土体。现利用研制的试验设备,对弱透水性的黏土进行渗透试验。试验结果表明:低固结压力下土体的渗透系数随水压呈"S"型曲线变化;且变化幅度较大。高固结压力下低渗土体的渗透系数随水压基本呈线性变化,且变化幅度较小。另外,水压对低渗土体的孔压传递规律也有影响,低水压作用下的土体孔压传递呈非线性变化,而高水压作用下呈线性变化。     

贵州黔北地区构造煤与原生结构煤孔隙特征及分形

为了研究煤体在构造作用影响下孔隙结构与分形特征,本文采用低温氮气吸附法、压汞实验等方法,并结合分形理论对三甲煤矿突出孔洞内外煤样孔隙分布进行定量分析。通过MIP与N2GA联合分析,软硬煤临界孔径分别为59nm和86nm。硬煤孔容主要分布在100nm以下的孔隙中,构造煤各孔容分布差异不大,其中中孔和大孔孔容明显高于硬煤,并且构造煤比表面积比硬煤增大4倍多,孔容多出24.5%。根据分形理论分析发现,构造煤渗流孔和吸附孔分形维数分别为3.03和3.77均高于原生煤3.01与3.72;构造煤热力学分形维数高达2.916,构造煤具有更加复杂的孔隙结构和更加粗糙的孔隙表面。     

Polyimide–Silica Gel Hybrids Containing Metal Salts: Preparation via the Sol–Gel Reaction

A facile preparation of polyimide–silica gel hybrids by the simultaneous in-situ formation of polyimides during the hydrolysis–condensation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) is reported here. The hydrolysis and condensation of TMOS was carried out in a solution of DMAc containing 5% LiCl, CaCl₂ or ZnCl₂ and the seven-membered cyclic polyimide intermediate. The seven-membered cyclic intermediates, precursors of polyimides, were derived from the low-temperature polycondensation of dianhydrides [benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 4,4-bis(hexafluoroisopropylidene)phthalic dianhydride (6FDA)] and di-isocyanates [isophorone di-isocyanate (IPDI), toluene di-isocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HDI) and 4,4′-diphenylmethane di-isocyanate (MDI)]. These intermediates could readily be converted to the corresponding polyimides. Films were cast from the resulting mixtures and the solvent was gradually evaporated at 130 °C to result in the formation of clear, transparent, pale yellow or amber-colored hybrid films in which the salts were dispersed at the molecular level. Pyrolysis of polyimide–silica gel hybrids at 600 °C gave mesoporous silica. Silica gel obtained from hybrids HPI-8 (containing no salt) and HPI-11 (containing ZnCl₂) had a pore radius (BJH method) of 2.9 nm, while that from hybrid HPI-9 (containing LiCl) had a pore radius of 11.4 nm. The surface areas (BET method) obtained were 203 m² g⁻¹, 19 m² g⁻¹ and 285 m² g⁻¹, while the pore volumes were 0.373 cm³ g⁻¹, 0.158 cm³ g⁻¹ and 0.387 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively, for samples obtained from hybrids HPI-8, HPI-9 and HPI-11. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波加热合成含有极少量非分子筛缺陷孔的LTA型分子筛膜

 以改进的原位合成路线,于管状氧化铝载体上合成了高性能的LTA型分子筛膜. 考察了常规加热和微波加热对合成的影响. 对于95%的异丙醇原料液,常规加热合成和微波加热合成的分子筛膜表现出了相似的优良性能. 但是,当原料液中的水含量低于2.0%时,常规加热合成的分子筛膜不再具有有效的脱水性能,这是由于其膜层中有相当数量的纳米级缺陷孔存在. 采用微波加热在很大程度上消除了合成过程中非分子筛缺陷孔的生成.     

CONSOLIDATION THEORY OF UNSATURATED SOIL BASED ON THE THEORY OF MIXTURE(Ⅱ)

The present paper uses the mathematics model for consolidation of unsaturatedsoil developed in ref.[1]to solve boundary value problems.The analytical solutionsfor one-dimensional consolidation problem are gained by making use of Laplacetransform and finite Fourier transform.The displacement and the pore water pressureas well as the pore gas pressure are found from governing equations simultaneously.The theoretical formulae of coefficient and degree of consolidation are also given inthe paper.With the help of the method of Galerkin Weighted Residuals,the finiteelement equations for two-dimensional consolidation problem are derived.A FORTRANprogram named CSU8 using8-node isoparameter element is designed.A plane strainconsolidation problem is solved using the program,and some distinguishing features onconsolidation of unsaturated soil and certain peculiarities on numerical analysis arerevealed.These achievements make it convenient to apply the theory proposed by theauthor in engineering practice.     

冲击荷载作用下饱和软粘土孔压计算模式

在考虑周围压力、冲击能、冲击遍数和冲击次数几个因素相互关系的基础上先建立了一个实用的孔压计算模式,并对试验结果进行了验证分析。对影响孔压发展的诸如土性、固结应力状态、荷载强度等因素进行了简要分析,试图从另一个角度定量分析影响孔压发展的各种因素     

α-磷酸锆类系列层柱化合物的孔隙结构特征

以低温氮吸地为手段,对α－磷酸锆（αＺｒＰ）类系列层柱化合物的孔隙结构特征进行了研究。结果表明,此类物质的孔隙结构特征比较相似,均系过渡孔发达物质,首次提出了Ｄ点法计算比表面积的方法,并采用三参数ＢＥＴ方程、平行板等效模型和Ｄ点法分别计算了层柱化合物的比表面积,得到了一致的结果,这说明引用的西医方法是可行的和合理的,结果是可信的,另外通过对影响孔隙结构因素的分析,得出层柱化合物比表面积和孔容与各自     

微型电子计算机在物理化学中的一些应用

随着电子计算机的迅速发展,它在物理化学中的应用范围越来越广了.我们结合科研和教育的需要,在Sharp PC-1500计算机上编制了催化剂(或其它固体)的比表面积和孔径分布的计算程序,编制了x-射线衍射峰的晶面指标化和用柯亨(cohen)法计算晶胞参数的程序.采用电子计算机计算,可以大大缩短计算时间,从而迅速获得实验结果,而且还可以提高计算的精确度和正确性.