南海北部近海5种石斑鱼的骨骼系统比较研究

为揭示骨骼系统在石斑鱼类的物种鉴定和系统进化关系研究中的应用潜力,本研究采用传统的骨骼系统比较法分析南海北部近海的尾纹九棘鲈(Cephalopholis urodeta)、鸢鮨(Triso dermopterus)、青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)、拟青石斑鱼(E.fasciatomaculosus)和断带石斑鱼(E.craigi)等3属5种石斑鱼类的骨骼特征。结果显示,在分析的15种骨片中,中筛骨、额骨、翼耳骨、上枕骨、前鳃盖骨、上匙骨、尾舌骨等7种骨片显示出明显的属特征。尾纹九棘鲈的骨片形态结构总体较简单,而鸢鮨和石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)石斑鱼的骨片形态结构更为分化且复杂,并且二者具有相似类型的骨片数最多(8种)。有10种骨片可将断带石斑鱼与青石斑鱼、拟青石斑鱼有效区分,其中翼蝶骨、蝶耳骨、翼耳骨、上枕骨和前鳃盖骨等5种骨片在断带石斑鱼中显示出显著的种类特性。青石斑鱼和拟青石斑鱼的主要骨骼差异在于额骨、前鳃盖骨、上匙骨。本研究的结果支持了鸢鮨属(Triso)与石斑鱼属有较为密切的亲缘关系以及九棘鲈属(Cephalopholis)是较石斑鱼属更为原始的一个独...     

五倍子蚜与寄主植物DNA序列系统发育关系及其协同进化

五倍子蚜特指寄生在漆树科盐肤木属几种植物上形成五倍子虫瘿的一类蚜虫.本研究采用PCR直接测序方法测定了五倍子蚜10个种共19个样本的mtDNA COI基因部分DNA序列(660 bp),从GenBank下载瘿绵蚜科Pemphigidae瘿绵蚜属Pemphigus、卷叶绵蚜属Prociphilus和棉蚜属Eriosoma及纩蚜科Mindaridae纩蚜属Min-darus种相应基因序列为外类群,构建五倍子蚜种之间的MP和ML分子系统发育关系,两种方法得到一致的结果.五倍子蚜10个种共形成3个大的聚类簇,圆角倍蚜属的红倍花蚜和倍花蚜、铁倍蚜属的4个种(亚种)分别以很高的置信度聚为一支,铁倍花蚜属的铁倍花蚜、小铁枣蚜属的红小铁枣蚜与倍蚜属的角倍蚜和倍蛋蚜聚为一支,但是其置信度较低.同时,采用生物信息学方法从GenBank下载五倍子蚜第一寄主盐肤木属Rhus植物cpDNATrnL-F区序列(980 bp),建立寄主植物种之间的MP和ML系统发育关系,与角倍蚜系统发育关系进行比较分析,结果显示二者之间明显的协同进化关系,但是五倍子蚜的聚类并没有完全和寄主植物之间形成一对一的平行对应关系.     

Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

千岛湖被子植物枝叶性状分化及其与种多度的关系

种间生态位分化是物种共存的重要原因,了解种间生态位分化特征对于推测物种多样性维持机制具有重要意义.植物的种间功能性状分化在一定程度上能够反映其生态位分化,进而导致植物在群落内的适合度差异.据此,本研究针对千岛湖地区75种常见木本被子植物,分析了8个与水分输导、资源获取和利用策略相关的功能性状分化,及其与物种多度的关系.主成分分析表明,种间功能性状的分化主要发生在比叶面积、叶绿素含量以及叶气孔密度上.8个性状中有5个,即叶绿素含量、叶片厚度、叶面积、比叶面积和最大树高具有一定程度的系统发育保守性(即Blombergs K的p0.05).功能性状间的相关性广泛存在,且在使用系统发育独立对比方法(phylogenetic independent contrast,PIC)控制系统发育的影响后,相关性大多仍然显著.单个性状以及所有性状的主成分1和主成分2与物种多度间均没有显著相关性.结果表明:千岛湖地区片段化次生马尾松林内木本被子植物的功能性状分化受系统发育和进化历史共同影响;且性状分化发生在主要的环境资源梯度(即光照和水分)上;但性状对处于演替过程中的片段化森林群落内的物种多度不一定会产生重要影响.     

中国漠王族干标本DNA提取及部分类群发育关系

为了降低昆虫分子系统学研究中的成本,提高资源利用率,本实验利用干制标本提取基因组DNA.通过对河北大学馆藏30年的漠甲亚科不同保存期干标本与液浸标本DNA的提取和特定基因片段PCR(聚合酶链式反应)扩增,获得一致效果.通过细胞色素B(Cytb)基因片段序列信息构建系统树并与传统分类学做比较,探讨了漠王族部分种类的系统进化关系,研究结果支持Reitter(1893)建立的Platyopini和Pimeliini是2个独立族的观点,而不同意Beutle等(2005)将它们合并为1个族的观点.研究结果为利用鞘翅目昆虫干标本进行分子系统学研究提供了借鉴.     

基于18S rRNA基因序列的毛茛科及近缘植物的分子进化关系研究

基于18S rRNA基因序列以近缘植物Paeonia suffruticosa和Mahonia bealei为外类群,采用邻接法（Neighbor-joining methods,NJ)和最大简约法（Maximum parsimony,MP）对毛茛科Ranunculaceae 6属12种植物的系统发育关系进行了分析．结果表明,18S rRNA基因序列长度范围在1807~1810bp之间,系统树显示耧斗菜属Aquilegia与唐松草属Thalictrum,升麻属Cimicifuga与乌头属Aconitu     

中国蓼科孢粉地理学研究

根据蓼科１４ 属１６６ 种植物２８ 个花粉类型在中国的地理分布,认为中国西南部是蓼科植物的多度中心和多样化中心,也是中国蓼科植物的起源地,而湖北及邻近省份则是中国蓼科植物的次生分布中心．根据化石花粉资料表明,蓼科的起源时间可能是白垩纪末期或第三世纪初期．此外,根据叉分蓼型、冰岛蓼型、春蓼型、头状蓼型、多穗蓼型、卷茎蓼型、拳蓼型、木蓼型的地理分布,看出了蓼科植物的六条迁移路线．根据一个特定科的花粉类型的地理分布,来研究其分布中心和起源地, 此文尚属首次．     

Fast Phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 by Compression

The compression method to assess similarity, in the sense of having a small normalized compression distance (NCD), was developed based on algorithmic information theory to quantify the similarity in files ranging from words and languages to genomes and music pieces. It has been validated on objects from different domains always using essentially the same software. We analyze the whole-genome phylogeny and taxonomy of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is responsible for causing the COVID-19 disease, using the alignment-free compression method to assess similarity. We compare the SARS-CoV-2 virus with a database of over 6500 viruses. The results suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is closest in that database to the RaTG13 virus and rather close to the bat SARS-like coronaviruses bat-SL-CoVZXC21 and bat-SL-CoVZC45. Over 6500 viruses are identified (given by their registration code) with larger NCDs. The NCDs are compared with the NCDs between the mtDNA of familiar species. We address the question of whether pangolins are involved in the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The compression method is simpler and possibly faster than any other whole-genome method, which makes it the ideal tool to explore phylogeny. Here, we use it for the complex case of determining this similarity between the COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2 and many other viruses. The resulting phylogeny and taxonomy closely resemble earlier results from by alignment-based methods and a machine-learning method, providing the most compelling evidence to date for the compression method, showing that one can achieve equivalent results both simply and quickly.     

Phytochemical Analysis and Molecular Identification of Green Macroalgae Caulerpa spp. from Bali,Indonesia

The studies of the Bulung Boni and Bulung Anggur (Caulerpa spp.) species and secondary metabolites are still very limited. Proper identification will support various aspects, such as cultivation, utilization, and economic interests. Moreover, understanding the secondary metabolites will assist in developing algae-based products. This study aimed to identify these indigenous Caulerpa algae and analyze their bioactive components. The tufA sequence was employed as a molecular marker in DNA barcoding, and its bioactive components were identified using the GC-MS method. The phylogenetic tree was generated in MEGA 11 using the maximum likelihood method, and the robustness of the tree was evaluated using bootstrapping with 1000 replicates. This study revealed that Bulung Boni is strongly connected to Caulerpa cylindracea. However, Bulung Anggur shows no close relationship to other Caulerpa species. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extracts of Bulung Boni and Bulung Anggur showed the presence of 11 and 13 compounds, respectively. The majority of the compounds found in these algae have been shown to possess biological properties, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetic. Further study is necessary to compare the data obtained using different molecular markers in DNA barcoding, and to elucidate other undisclosed compounds in these Caulerpa algae.     

基于Cyt b基因全序列分析河南7种菊头蝠系统发育关系

采用分子系统发育分析方法对菊头蝠科蝙蝠的系统发育关系和分类地位进行研究,以7种127个蝙蝠为研究对象,测定了mtDNA Cytb基因全序列(1140kb),用最大简约法(maximum parsimony,MP)和最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)建系统发育树,对菊头蝠种间亲缘关系及分类地位进行分析,角菊头蝠、菲菊头蝠和大耳菊头蝠属于较原始的种类,且彼此间有较近的亲缘关系;大菊头蝠、皮氏菊头蝠关系较近,为较原始的类群;马铁和中菊头蝠关系较近,为后分化的类群.