喷施磷酸二氢钾对青花菜产量及品质的影响

在青花菜的10叶期开始喷施不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾进行试验。结果表明：喷施磷酸二氢钾，青花菜产量较对照明显增加，其中喷施浓渡为0．3％时花球直径最大(14．17cm)，产量最高(25835．13kg／hm^2)，增产率最高(50．13％)。经方差分析，0．3％的磷酸二氢钾处理与对照之间产量差异极显著。喷施不同浓度的磷酸二氢钾，青花菜品质也有不同程度的改善，其中喷施0．3％磷酸二氢钾时，青花菜花蕾中Vc、钙、镁、磷含量均高于对照。     

磷酸钙氨基磺酸复合体系催化乙氧基化反应

磷酸钙-氨基磺酸，用于催化乙氧基化反应。通过正交试验，确定了较佳的催化工艺条件，通过色质连用仪测定了乙氧基化产物的分子量分布。研究结果表明，氨基磺酸的加入对乙氧基化反应的反应速度影响较大，当磷酸钙的加入量为正辛醇质量的1％，氨基磺酸的加入量为正辛醇质量的0．75％时，乙氧基化反应速率最快。当摩尔数n(正辛醇）：n(环氧乙烷(EO))=1：4，催化剂用量为1％，在120℃下反应90min,正辛醇的转化率可达到89．3％，同时乙氧基化产物的分子量分布选择性指标是相同条件下NaOH为催化剂的1．8倍，具有较好的窄分布效果。     

基于磷酸盐还原过程的食品发酵废水厌氧除磷工艺研究

采用具有磷酸盐还原功能的菌株,对模拟的食品发酵废水进行厌氧除磷工艺研究。通过向厌氧反应器投加前期筛选得到的磷酸盐还原菌进行污泥驯化、正交试验和单因素实验,确定食品发酵废水厌氧除磷工艺的最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明:经过12个周期的驯化,使投加菌株的污泥具有良好的生化和除磷性能,反应器出水CODCr和总磷质量浓度分别为319.60mg/L和13.58mg/L,相应去除率分别为69.43%和20.95%。厌氧除磷工艺最佳工艺条件为培养温度30℃、pH值为7、氮源为蛋白胨+NH₄Cl+NaNO₃,总磷质量浓度为17.5mg/L,总磷去除率可达37.96%,产生的PH₃的磷含量占总磷去除量的24.61%。     

α‐ZrP/Uracil/Cu2+ nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst in the Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman reaction

A facile synthesis of uracil‐Cu²⁺ nanoparticles immobilized on alpha‐zirconium hydrogen phosphate (α‐ZrP), abbreviated as α‐ZrP/Uracil/Cu²⁺, was presented. This compound was synthesized by the thermal method and used as a reusable catalyst for the Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman reaction without any additives. First, (3‐ iodopropyl) trimethoxysilane as a linker is reacted with α‐ZrP support to give the α‐ZrP/IPTMOS. Addition of uracil and then the addition of copper (II) acetate to α‐ZrP/IPTMOS results in the production of selected catalyst. The Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman reaction catalyzed by α‐ZrP/Uracil/Cu^{2 +} demonstrated high product yield, short reaction time and a straightforward work‐up. The catalyst with enough outside surface was easily recovered using centrifugation and reused five times without a significant reduction in its activity.     

Determination of the inhibitory effect of green tea extract on glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase based on multilayer capillary enzyme microreactor

Natural herbal medicines are an important source of enzyme inhibitors for the discovery of new drugs. A number of natural extracts such as green tea have been used in prevention and treatment of diseases due to their low‐cost, low toxicity and good performance. The present study reports an online assay of the activity and inhibition of the green tea extract of the Glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) enzyme using multilayer capillary electrophoresis based immobilized enzyme microreactors (CE‐IMERs). The multilayer CE‐IMERs were produced with layer‐by‐layer electrostatic assembly, which can easily enhance the enzyme loading capacity of the microreactor. The activity of the G6PDH enzyme was determined and the enzyme inhibition by the inhibitors from green tea extract was investigated using online assay of the multilayer CE‐IMERs. The Michaelis constant (K_m) of the enzyme, the IC₅₀ and K_i values of the inhibitors were achieved and found to agree with those obtained using offline assays. The results show a competitive inhibition of green tea extract on the G6PDH enzyme. The present study provides an efficient and easy‐to‐operate approach for determining G6PDH enzyme reaction and the inhibition of green tea extract, which may be beneficial in research and the development of natural herbal medicines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The collagen type I segment long spacing (SLS) and fibrillar forms: Formation by ATP and sulphonated diazo dyes

The collagen type I segment long spacing (SLS) crystallite is a well-ordered rod-like molecular aggregate, ∼300 nm in length, which is produced in vitro under mildly acidic conditions (pH 2.5–3.5) in the presence of 1 mM ATP. The formation of the SLS crystallite amplifies the inherent linear structural features of individual collagen heterotrimers, due to the punctate linear distribution and summation of the bulkier amino acid side chains along the length of individual collagen heterotrimers. This can be correlated structurally with the 67 nm D-banded collagen fibril that is found in vivo, and formed in vitro. Although first described many years ago, the range of conditions required for ATP-induced SLS crystallite formation from acid-soluble collagen have not been explored extensively. Consequently, we have addressed biochemical parameters such as the ATP concentration, pH, speed of formation and stability so as to provide a more complete structural understanding of the SLS crystallite. Treatment of collagen type I with 1 mM ATP at neutral and higher pH (6.0–9.0) also induced the formation of D-banded fibrils. Contrary to previous studies, we have shown that the polysulphonated diazo dyes Direct red (Sirius red) and Evans blue, but not Congo red and Methyl blue, can also induce the formation of SLS-like aggregates of collagen, but under markedly different ionic conditions to those employed in the presence of ATP. Specifically, pre-formed D-banded collagen fibrils, prepared in a higher than the usual physiological NaCl concentration (e.g. 500 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH7.4 or x3 PBS), readily form SLS aggregates when treated with 0.1 mM Direct red and Evans blue, but this did not occur at lower NaCl concentrations. These new data are discussed in relation to the anion (Cl⁻) and polyanion (phosphate and sulphonate) binding by the collagen heterotrimer and their likely role in collagen fibrillogenesis and SLS formation.     

Utility of 2-Diphenylphosphoryloxy-1,3-Dienes in Multicomponent Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions to Construct Functionalized Six-Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles

The utility of 2-diphenylphosphoryloxy-1,3-dienes for the construction of substituted six-membered nitrogen heterocycles is presented. These dienes undergo boron trifluoride-promoted aza-Diels–Alder reactions when reacted with imines or related species formed in situ using aldehydes and amine derivatives. The stability of the dienes allows this three-component reaction to be carried out with no special precautions to eliminate water or air. Thirty-one examples of this process are presented. The usefulness of the enol phosphate functional group is highlighted in further reactions after the cycloaddition step to generate functionalized piperidenes or pyridines.     

Fluorotrimethyl[(Z)-pentafluoropropen-1-yl]phosphorane: Structure,Bonding, and Reactivity

In this contribution we report on fluorotrimethyl[(Z)-pentafluoropropen-1-yl]phosphorane as a phosphorus based fluorinating reagent. Its solid state structure can be described as a trigonal bipyramid featuring elongated axial bonds due to the formation of a 3-center 4-electron bond. Abstraction of the fluoride ion leads to a shortening of the axial P–C bond. Thus the title compound can be utilized for substitution of bromine with fluorine and for the transfer of fluoride ions onto electrophilic compounds. Reaction with Sn(C₂F₅)₂Br₂ afforded salt [P(CH₃)₃(C₃F₅)]₂[Sn(C₂F₅)₂F₄]. When fluorotrimethyl[(Z)-pentafluoropropen-1-yl]phosphorane was treated with P(C₂F₅)₂F the primarily produced anion is sufficiently nucleophilic to attack the propenyl group of the cation in β-position to the phosphorus atom to yield zwitterionic [Me₃PCF=C(CF₃)–PF₃(C₂F₅)₂].     

Biological applications of amide and amino acid containing synthetic macrocycles

ABSTRACT

Amino acid derived macrocycles with elaborate well-defined stereochemistry are a unique class of compounds that have been isolated from natural sources. Macrocycles like cyclosporine, octreotide, and valinomycin have been used in multiple applications, like drugs or ion sensors. Chemists have long been fascinated by the unique molecular recognition capabilities of these macrocycles and tried to design synthetic analogs with similar functions. This article is focused on reviewing current research on amide and amino acid containing macrocycles that have been developed in research laboratories for biological recognition, specifically for anion sensing, ion transport, carbohydrate sensing, and peptide sensing.