Fractal porous media I: Longitudinal stokes flow in random carpets

Two-dimensional porous media whose random cross-sections are derived from site percolation are constructed. The longitudinal flow of a Newtonian fluid in the Stokes approximation is then computed and the longitudinal permeability is obtained. Two methods are used and yield the same result when porosity is low. The Carman equation is shown to apply within ±7% when porosity is within the range from 0 to 0.75. Finally, random structures derived from stick percolation are investigated; results are qualitatively the same, but the Carman equation yields a poorer approximation.     

Numerical Estimation of the Degree of Reservoir Permeability Heterogeneity Using Pressure Drawdown Tests

This study aims to correlate the response of pressure transient test to permeability distribution type. For this purpose, correlated permeability distributions in x–y direction are generated using fractional Brownian motion (fBm) as it has been shown in literature that permeability in carbonate reservoirs exhibits an fBm type distribution horizontally. 2-D fBm permeability distributions created using mid point displacement method are employed as data to a black oil simulator. The intermittence exponent, H or fractal dimension of the distribution, D, as defined by D=2 – H, characterizes the distribution type. All permeability distributions are normalized to represent the same arithmetic mean (20, 100, and 500 mD) and uniform variance so that only their fractal dimension that underlies the smoothness of the distribution distinguishes them. Many different realizations of permeability distributions are generated based on the random number seeds used and pressure transient (drawdown) tests are simulated using a black oil simulator package (ECLIPSE 100). Pressure transient analysis is performed using PanSystem package. As a base case and for the comparison purpose, the same procedure is repeated for the totally homogeneous case (the same permeability for all grids) and a random (normally distributed) permeability distribution with the same mean and uniform variance. The effects of permeability distribution type on the pressure response are clarified. A strong impact of heterogeneity is observed as an increase in skin effect with increasing fractal dimension of permeability distribution. This additional (or pseudo) skin effect due to heterogeneity is correlated to the fractal dimension of the permeability distribution. As a further step, the procedure is repeated for different flow rates applied during the drawdown test. The correlation between the fractal dimension of permeability distribution and additional skin is improved by incorporating the rate into it. The methodology followed can be used in the assessment of reservoir heterogeneity quantitatively using pressure transient response.     

黄河上游某电站上新统石膏夹层对坝基岩体稳定性影响评价

拟建的黄河上游某水电站在勘查过程中发现在河床以下存在一层厚约2m的石膏层。石膏岩遇水易溶解,工程地质性质较差,力学强度较低,是水电建设中的不良岩体。本文对石膏岩的物理力学性质和化学成分做了仔细分析,分析了石膏溶蚀后对坝基稳定性的影响,找出防止石膏溶蚀的判断标准,最后得出防治措施。     

Relative permeability relations: A key factor for a drying model

In the modelling of heat, mass and momentum transfer phenomena which occur in a capillary porous medium during drying, the liquid and gas flows are usually described by the generalised Darcy laws. Nevertheless, the question of how to determine experimentally the relative permeability relations remains unanswered for most materials that consist of water and humid air, and as a result, arbitrary functions are used in the drying codes. In this paper, the emphasis is on deducing from both numerical and experimental studies a method for estimating pertinent relations for these key parameters. In the first part, the sensitivity of liquid velocity and, consequently, of drying kinetics in the variation of the relative permeabilities is investigated numerically by testing various forms. It is concluded that in order to predict a realistic liquid velocity behaviour, relative permeabilities can be linked to a measurable quantity: the capillary pressure. An estimation technique, based on simulations coupled with experimental measurements of capillary pressure, together with moisture content kinetics obtained for low or middle temperature convective drying, is deduced. In the second part, the proposed methodology is applied to pine wood. It is shown that the obtained relations provide closer representation of physical reality than those commonly used.     

Simulation of micellar-polymericwater-flooding in a system of wells

A mathematical model of the time-dependent two-dimensional flow of a two-phase multicomponent incompressible fluid through a porous medium is proposed for the micellar-polymeric flooding of oil reservoirs. The oil displacement process is investigated numerically using an implicit first-order-accurate upwind scheme with integration over the nonlinearity on a uniform grid under the assumption of plane-radial motion in the neighborhood of the wells. The influence of the nonuniform permeability of the porous medium on the efficiency of the proposed method of improving oil recovery is analyzed using a five-point slug injection scheme.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, 2004, pp. 124–132. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Inogamov and Khabeev.     

考虑气体压缩性的多孔材料渗透率和惯性系数的测定

多孔介质材料的渗透率和惯性系数是决定多孔介质中流体流动特性的重要参数，一般需要通过实验进行测定，在测定渗透律和惯性系数量，选用气体作为工作介质可以为实验带来极大的方便，然而通常的实验都将气体看作不可压缩流体，直接根据Darcy-Forchheimer定律得到这两个参数，这种近似对实验条件如样品厚度、工作压力等提出了很多要求，本文提出了在考虑气体压缩性的情况下测定渗透率和惯性系数的方法，该方法可以大大降低实验时对样品厚度、工作压力等条件的要求。本文还根据该方法对多孔材料PVF进行了渗透率和惯性系数的测定，并对测量结果进行了验证。     

Predictive Pore-Scale Modeling of Single and Multiphase Flow

We show how to predict flow properties for a variety of rocks using pore-scale modeling with geologically realistic networks. The pore space is represented by a topologically disordered lattice of pores connected by throats that have angular cross-sections. We successfully predict single-phase non-Newtonian rheology, and two and three-phase relative permeability for water-wet media. The pore size distribution of the network can be tuned to match capillary pressure data when a network representation of the system of interest is unavailable. The aim of this work is not simply to match experiments, but to use easily acquired data to estimate difficult to measure properties and to predict trends in data for different rock types or displacement sequences.     

Pore-throat size correlation from capillary pressure curves

Void spaces in porous media can be considered as three-dimensional networks consisting of bulges (pores) connected by constrictions (throats). Computer simulations of drainage-imbibition processes show that the critical end points of wetting-phase and nonwetting-phase saturation, in drainage and imbibition respectively, and the form of simulated relative permeability curves all were significantly different for uncorrelated and correlated pore-throat models. Since these models were identical except for the arrangement of throats in relation to pores, the degree of pore-throat size correlation appears to be an important property influencing flow and fluid displacement. Examples of uncorrelated and correlated pore-throat structures in rocks are presented and it is shown that this property, although difficult to quantify by direct observation, can be evaluated from capillary pressure curves.     

Study on the resonance properties of combinations of different split ring resonator cells

We combine different split ring resonator (SRR) unit cells along three axes respectively and study the electromagnetic behaviors of combinations numerically, with the purpose of broadening the frequency band of negative permeability. When combining SRRs in z-direction, the wave propagation direction, it is found that the bandwidth of negative permeability is broadened by 0.22 GHz. The same bandwidth expansion effects, however, are not observed along the other two axes. In addition, it is feasible to obtain two isolated frequency bands with negative permeability by combining SRRs along three axes.