Implementation of ADER scheme for a bore on an unsaturated permeable slope

The paper details the implementation of the Godunov‐type finite volume Arbitrary high order schemes using Derivatives (ADER) scheme for the case of a large source term in the continuity equation of the nonlinear shallow water equations. The particular application is the movement of a bore on a highly permeable slope. The large source term is caused by the infiltration into the initially unsaturated slope material. Infiltration is modelled as vertical downwards piston‐like flow with Forchheimer quadratic parameterisation of the resistance law. The corresponding ODE is solved using the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method. The surface and subsurface flow models have been tested by comparison with analytical solutions. Example predictions of surface bore propagation and wetting front propagation are presented for a range of slope permeabilities. The effects of permeability on bore run‐up, water depths and velocities are illustrated. The ADER scheme is capable of handling the source term, including the extreme case when this term dominates the volume balance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cross‐linked poly(aryl ether sulfone) membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications

Partially sulfonated poly(aryl ether sulfone) (PESS) was synthesized and methacrylated via reaction with glycidyl methacrylate (PESSGMA) and cross‐linked via radical polymerization with styrene and vinyl‐phosphonic acid (VPA). The chemical structures of the synthesized pre‐polymers were characterized via FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopic methods and molecular weight was determined via GPC. Membranes of these polymers were prepared via solution casting method. The crosslinking of the PESS polymer reduced IEC, proton conductivity, swelling in water, and methanol permeability of the membranes while increasing the modulus and the glass transition temperature. However, the introduction of the VPA comonomer increased the proton conductivity while maintaining excellent resistance to methanol cross‐over, which was significantly higher as compared with both PESS and the commercial Nafion membranes. Membranes of PESSGMA copolymers incorporating VPA, exhibited proton conductivity values at 60 °C in the range of 16–32 mS cm⁻¹ and methanol permeability values in the range of 6.52 × 10⁻⁹ – 1.92 × 10⁻⁸ cm² s⁻¹. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018 , 56, 558–575     

低渗透油藏水锁伤害机理及解水锁实验研究*

针对地层压力低（压力系数小于1）、油井含水率低（小于50%）的低渗油井，水锁伤害普遍存在的问题，研究了毛细管效应和贾敏效应对产生水锁现象的机理认识。通过实验数据结果分析，得到了水锁现象与渗透率的关系，即：渗透率越低，水锁程度越严重，10.00 mD以下的岩芯，压力升高值基本在25%左右，而大于10.00 mD的岩芯压力升高值在15%左右。注入表面活性剂后，解除水锁效果非常明显，特别是渗透率越低，效果越明显，最高驱替压力值下降幅度达到了近50%。说明表面活性剂对解水锁具有很好的效果。     

Oxygen Barrier Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane/Silica Hybrids

The oxygen barrier properties of films obtained from waterborne polyurethane/silica hybrid dispersions were analyzed. Two different types of polyurethanes were used, based on poly(propylene glycol) and poly(1,4-butylene adipate). Three different strategies were followed in the preparation of the hybrid dispersions. In the first type of materials (series 1), the inorganic part came exclusively from the covalent incorporation of trifunctional silane groups into the polymeric chains. The other two series contained, in addition to the trifunctional silane groups, tetrafunctional silane groups either physically blended (series 2) or “in situ” generated (series 3). Materials of series 1 showed an increase of the oxygen permeability coefficient with the silane content. However, the other two types of materials presented just the opposite dependence. In this latter case, the systems containing “in situ” generated silica (series 3) presented higher permeability coefficient values, probably because of the steric hindrance imposed by the polyurethane that gave rise to silica networks containing silanol groups and free volume holes. Moreover, lower permeability coefficient values were obtained when larger size particles were added. This fact could mean that the polyurethane/silica interface effects were not totally hindered even when the organic/inorganic phases were covalently bonded.     

Evaluation of methoxy polyethylene glycol‐polylactide diblock copolymers as additive in hypromellose film coating

This paper deals with a new application of diblock methoxy polyethylene glycol‐polylactide block copolymers, a class of synthetic biomaterials largely studied in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields owing to their favorable properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low immunogenicity, and good mechanical properties. In this work, these materials were evaluated as additives for gastro‐soluble pharmaceutical coating aimed to reduce film stiffness and water permeability. Two copolymers with different polylactide chain lengths were synthesized and characterized in term of molecular weight and solid‐state properties. A series of free films with different hypromellose/copolymers ratio were prepared and characterized in terms of appearance, components miscibility, plasticity, and water vapor permeability. The obtained results demonstrate that copolymers effectively influence hypromellose film properties according to their concentration and molecular weight. Specifically, the addition of the copolymer with a molecular weight of 6.5 kDa in a ratio hypromellose:polymer 5:1, allowed to obtain films with good appearance, improved plasticization, and water permeability properties. For higher molecular weight, copolymer or different ratios was not possible to observe the improvement of all the properties at the same time. The results also make possible to define the critical features to improve in order to use block copolymers as additive in hypromellose film coating. The availability of new water‐soluble additives able to work as plasticizer and moisture sealer in polymeric films represents an important progress not only in the field of pharmaceutical coating but also in that of food coatings, as for example in the formulation of edible films. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanistic Simulation Studies on Viscous-Elastic Polymer Flooding in Petroleum Reservoirs

Based on the theory and application developments of polymer flooding on enhancing oil recovery, an improved mathematical model has been developed to simulate the mechanism of viscous-elastic polymer flooding. IMPES method has been presented to solve the polymer flooding model considering the viscosifying effect of elasticity, the effect of decreasing residual oil and the degradation of polymer molecules. The validation of the model is approved by an experiment. A simulation example was carried out using the developed numerical simulator. The enhanced oil recovery mechanism was discussed for viscous-elastic polymer flooding, and corresponding influencing factors were also studied.     

Laboratory Studies of Depressurization with a High Concentration of Surfactant in Low-Permeability Reservoirs

To solve the problem of high pressure of water injection in low permeability reservoirs, a high concentration of surfactant system was developed in this article. With the solubilization of oil in aqueous surfactant solution as a criterion, a formula was screened from anionic and nonionic-anionic surfactants, and the optimal depressurized system was obtained as follows, 13.3% surfactant HEX +2.23% n-propanol +4.47% n-butanol, the solubilization capability being up to 0.66 g/g. This system had good salt tolerance, and it exhibited water external microemulsion in the range of of 1 to 200 g/L NaCl. Core flooding results show that this high concentration of surfactant system formed water external microemulsion with the residual oil in the core, reducing the displacement pressure over 35%. Meanwhile, the effects of concentration and injection volume on depressurization were also investigated. It is indicated that a good depressurization effect was achieved after injecting 1 pore volume of the system with the salt concentration of 100 g/L.     

The effect of tourmaline on cell membrane of nitrosomonas europaea and biodegradation of micropollutant

As a kind of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas europaea (N. europaea) was chosen as a research model to study the alteration of cell membrane in the presence of tourmaline and biodegradation of acetochlor. atomic force microscopy images reveal that the presence of tourmaline substantially changes the structure of the outer membrane of the cell responsible for the cell permeability. SEM images show that the introduction of tourmaline makes the cell lose its ability to resist lysozyme owing to the damages. The fluorescence polarization has shown a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and the increase of permeability of cell membrane. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and was found in the supernatant from the cells treated by tourmaline. Tourmaline can improve the efficiency of biodegradation of acetochlor for N. europaea. It is proposed that the cell permeability is slightly increased, and the absorbability of nutrition from the medium becomes easier. As a result, N. europaea grows faster in the presence of tourmaline than the native cells. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.