化学发光法测定抗生素的研究进展

综述了近几年来国内外有关化学发光分析在β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类、抗肿瘤类和其它抗生素类药物的质量分析研究中的新进展,对化学发光与其他分析技术的联用前景略作评述.     

基于萃取和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法的贝类抗生素快速测定方法

建立一种简单、快速的超声波萃取–固相萃取净化–超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法, 可以同时测定淡水贝类软组织中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类、β-内酰胺类和氨基糖苷类中15种抗生素。采取超声波萃取法, 对贝类体内的抗生素进行萃取, 用固相萃取方法净化提取液, 最后用超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆质谱对目标物进行分析检测。主要比较两种固相萃取柱Oasis HLB和Oasis PRiME HLB对污染物的净化效率, 后者展现出较好的结果。15种抗生素加标回收率实验结果表明: 当加标浓度为50 ng/g时, 回收率为64%~121%, 相对标准偏差为0.5%~19% (n=3); 添加高浓度(100 ng/g)样品时, 回收率为67%~117%, 相对标准偏差为1%~9%(n=3)。方法检测限(LOD)为0.004~0.5 ng/g (干重), 定量限(LOQ)为0.013~1.67 ng/g (干重)。该方法具有回收率高、检测限低的特点。使用该方法对鄱阳湖3个采样点三角帆蚌中的抗生素进行分析, 结果显示, 在15种抗生素中, 有9种均不同程度地检出, 检出频率和浓度最高的是甲氧苄胺嘧啶, 最高浓度达到78.8 ng/g, 其次是奇霉素(41.2 ng/g)和环丙沙星(39.8 ng/g)。     

Multiple Keys for a Single Lock: The Unusual Structural Plasticity of the Nucleotidyltransferase (4′)/Kanamycin Complex

The most common mode of bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics is the enzyme‐catalysed chemical modification of the drug. Over the last two decades, significant efforts in medicinal chemistry have been focused on the design of non‐ inactivable antibiotics. Unfortunately, this strategy has met with limited success on account of the remarkably wide substrate specificity of aminoglycoside‐modifying enzymes. To understand the mechanisms behind substrate promiscuity, we have performed a comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of the molecular‐recognition processes that lead to antibiotic inactivation by Staphylococcus aureus nucleotidyltransferase 4′(ANT(4′)), a clinically relevant protein. According to our results, the ability of this enzyme to inactivate structurally diverse polycationic molecules relies on three specific features of the catalytic region. First, the dominant role of electrostatics in aminoglycoside recognition, in combination with the significant extension of the enzyme anionic regions, confers to the protein/antibiotic complex a highly dynamic character. The motion deduced for the bound antibiotic seem to be essential for the enzyme action and probably provide a mechanism to explore alternative drug inactivation modes. Second, the nucleotide recognition is exclusively mediated by the inorganic fragment. In fact, even inorganic triphosphate can be employed as a substrate. Third, ANT(4′) seems to be equipped with a duplicated basic catalyst that is able to promote drug inactivation through different reactive geometries. This particular combination of features explains the enzyme versatility and renders the design of non‐inactivable derivatives a challenging task.     

Bio-Organometallic Derivatives of Antibacterial Drugs

Overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs has resulted in bacteria resistance and in an increase in mortality rates due to bacterial infections. Therefore, there is an imperative necessity of new antibacterial drugs. Bio-organometallic derivatives of antibacterial agents offer an opportunity to discover new active antibacterial drugs. These compounds are well-characterized products and, in several examples, their antibacterial activities have been studied. Both inhibition of the antibacterial activity and strong increase in the antibiotic activity of the parent drug have been found. The synthesis of the main classes of bio-organometallic derivatives of these drugs, as well as examples of the use of structure–activity relation (SAR) studies to increase the activity and to understand the mode of action of bio-organometallic antimicrobial peptides (BOAMPs) and platensimicyn bio-organometallic mimics is presented in this article.     

A One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐2‐Oxazolidinones and Cyclic Urethanes by the Lewis Base Catalyzed Fixation of Carbon Dioxide into Anilines and Bromoalkanes

The multicomponent assembly of pharmaceutically relevant N‐aryl‐oxazolidinones through the direct insertion of carbon dioxide into readily available anilines and dibromoalkanes is described. The addition of catalytic amounts of an organosuperbase such as Barton's base enables this transformation to proceed with high yields and exquisite substrate functional‐group tolerance under ambient CO₂ pressure and mild temperature. This report also provides the first proof‐of‐principle for the single‐operation synthesis of elusive seven‐membered ring cyclic urethanes.     

A Journey to the Total Synthesis of Daptomycin

Daptomycin, the first antibiotic of its class, provides a new structural motif for the development of new antibiotics. Recently, we have completed the total synthesis of daptomycin. The development of the successful synthetic strategy is described here, including the application of serine/threonine ligation mediated peptide cyclization to the daptomycin macrocyclization.     

Total Synthesis of Lajollamycin B

The first total synthesis of lajollamycin B, a structurally novel nitro-tetraene spiro-β-lactone/γ-lactone antibiotic, is described. The convergent synthesis involves the construction of the C8′–C11′ nitrodienylstannane and its coupling with the segment prepared from the C1′–C7′ ω-iodoheptadienoic acid and the right-hand heterocyclic fragment, which has been utilized for our previous syntheses of oxazolomycin A. The revision of the geometry of the terminal Δ^{10′, 11′}-double bond from E to Z is also described for the structure of natural lajollamycin B.     

Total and Semi‐Syntheses of Antimicrobial Thuggacin Derivatives

The total and semi‐synthesis of 13 new macrolactones derived from thuggacin, which is a secondary metabolite from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, are reported. The thuggacins have attracted much attention due to their strong antibacterial activity, particularly towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study focuses on 1) thuggacin derivatives that cannot equilibrate by transacylation between the three natural thuggacins A–C, 2) the roles of the thiazole ring, and 3) the hexyl side chain at C2. Semi‐synthetic O‐methylation at C17 suppressed the transacylations without a substantial loss of antibacterial activity. Exchanging the C17–C25 side chain for simplified hydrophobic chains led to complete loss of antibacterial activity. Exchange of the thiazole by an oxazole ring or removal of the hexyl side chain at C2 had no substantial effect on the biological properties.