Molecular scale structure formation by folding

A conception of a structure formation suitable for nano-technology is proposed, which is programmable and suitable for mass production-like lithography. This conception utilizes the controlled folding of chains like the scan-lines of television. Its possibility and property were studied theoretically using the modeled chains consist of beads. By adopting the interaction among the beads which can distinguish the kind of the partner by its polarity and is chiral to break the chiral symmetry of the folded state, the special chains which have the unique ground states could be designed. In these ground states, the chains are folded like the scan-lines of television. The thermodynamic properties of the suggested chains were studied by the Monte Carlo simulations and the suggested chains showed the phase-transition-like behavior which is distinct compared to both the random chains and the chain that has only the non-specific attraction. The size dependence and the effects of adding the non-specific attraction and modifying the border of the folded conformation were also studied.     

Potential-dependent structure of the interfacial water on the gold electrode

Doubly tunable sum frequency generation (SFG) spectra demonstrate that the water molecules at gold/electrolyte interface change their orientation with applied potential. At negative potentials, water molecules in the double layer align with their oxygen atom pointing to the solution. As potential became positive to be close to the potential of zero charge (PZC), the SFG signal decreased, suggesting the OH groups of the water molecule are either in random orientation or parallel to the electrode. As potential became more positive than the PZC, the SFG signal increased again with the oxygen-up orientation as same as in the negative potential region, indicating that water molecules interact with the adsorbed sulfate anions. The peak position of the SFG spectra indicates a relatively disordered state of water molecules at the gold electrode surface, in contrast to the previously observed ice-like structure of water at electrolyte/oxide interfaces.     

Atomic structure of InAs quantum dots on GaAs

In recent years, the self-assembled growth of semiconductor nanostructures, that show quantum size effects, has been of considerable interest. Laser devices operating with self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) embedded in GaAs have been demonstrated. Here, we report on the InAs/GaAs system and raise the question of how the shape of the QDs changes with the orientation of the GaAs substrate. The growth of the InAs QDs is understood in terms of the Stranski–Krastanow growth mode. For modeling the growth process, the shape and atomic structure of the QDs have to be known. This is a difficult task for such embedded entities.

In our approach, InAs is grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs until self-assembled QDs are formed. At this point the growth is interrupted and atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images are acquired. We used preparation parameters known from the numerous publications on InAs/GaAs. In order to learn more about the self-assemblage process we studied QD formation on different GaAs(0 0 1), (1 1 3)A, and ( )B substrates. From the atomically resolved STM images we could determine the shape of the QDs. The quantum “dots” are generally rather flat entities better characterized as “lenses”. In order to achieve this flatness, the QDs are terminated by high-index bounding facets on low-index substrates and vice versa. Our results will be summarized in comparison with the existing literature.     

Influence of the three-dimensional heterogeneous roughness on electrokinetic transport in microchannels

Surface roughness has been considered as a passive means of enhancing species mixing in electroosmotic flow through microfluidic systems. It is highly desirable to understand the synergetic effect of three-dimensional (3D) roughness and surface heterogeneity on the electrokinetic flow through microchannels. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional finite-volume-based numerical model to simulate electroosmotic transport in a slit microchannel (formed between two parallel plates) with numerous heterogeneous prismatic roughness elements arranged symmetrically and asymmetrically on the microchannel walls. We consider that all 3D prismatic rough elements have the same surface charge or zeta potential, the substrate (the microchannel wall) surface has a different zeta potential. The results showed that the rough channel's geometry and the electroosmotic mobility ratio of the roughness elements' surface to that of the substrate, epsilon(mu), have a dramatic influence on the induced-pressure field, the electroosmotic flow patterns, and the electroosmotic flow rate in the heterogeneous rough microchannels. The associated sample-species transport presents a tidal-wave-like concentration field at the intersection between four neighboring rough elements under low epsilon(mu) values and has a concentration field similar to that of the smooth channels under high epsilon(mu) values.     

冷再生泡沫沥青混合料水稳定性研究分析

通过控制新集料掺加比例、泡沫沥青用量、水泥剂量、集料温度和抗剥落剂等,研究各因素对冷再生泡沫沥青混合料的路用性能和水稳定的影响,并揭示其微观机理.结果表明,旧料利用率、泡沫沥青用量、水泥剂量和抗剥落剂宜分别控制在50%～75%、 2.5%～3.0%、 1.0%～1.5%和0.5%左右.此外,适当提高集料温度,有助于提高泡沫沥青分散均匀性,从而提升冷再生泡沫沥青混合料的水稳定性.泡沫沥青用量和水泥剂量是冷再生泡沫沥青混合料水稳定的关键因素.尽量使泡沫沥青分散均匀,避免产生结团现象,是保证冷再生泡沫沥青混合料水稳定性的基础,进一步通过水泥补强作用,可获得良好的水稳定性.     

冰盖下组合桥墩的局部冲刷特性及水力特性

为研究冰盖对组合桥墩局部冲刷及其周围流场分布的影响,基于动床冲刷试验,在不同覆盖条件下,分析了不同水流条件和桥墩尺寸对组合桥墩局部冲刷的影响,建立了预测明渠水流与冰盖流条件下组合桥墩最大冲刷深度的经验方程,并通过ADV测量了墩前的流场。结果表明:组合桥墩的冲刷模式与串列桥墩相似,最大冲刷深度始终出现在墩正前方;经验方程中来流水深、来流流速、桥墩尺寸、冰盖糙率均与最大冲刷深度呈正相关关系;在粗糙冰冰盖流条件下,墩前的垂向流速最大,导致其最大冲刷深度总是大于同等条件下的明渠水流和光滑冰盖流。     

Relationship between giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu multilayers and their microstructures

The (111)-orientated NiFe/Cu multilayers were prepared by magnetron sputtering method. At room temperature, saturation magnetoresistances of NiFe/CU multilayers oscillate as a function of Cu spacer layer thickness. Two peak GMR values of 19.4%, 11.6% and 11.2%, 1% appear, respectively, at Cu sublayer thickness of t_Cu,= 1.0, 2.2 nm while the deposition pressures are 0.25 and 0.45 Pa. X-ray small-angle reflections and diffuse scattering at Cu K-edge (8.979 keV) by synchrotron radiation source were used to characterize the interfacial roughness. Diffraction anomalous fine-structure scattering (DAFS) was performed to investigate the local structure of NiFe and Cu sublayers. Results show that the deposition pressure has effect on interfacial roughness of the samples obviously, and the interfacial roughness also affects the GMR values of the samples strongly.     

获取路面谱的一种新方法

通过理论分析和实际路面的测量,阐述了直接在汽车车桥上安装传感器测量路面谱的一种简便方法,并通过与用五轮仪测量路面谱方法的结果对比,得出了此种方法在一般汽车性能试验中的实际应用价值．     

Influence of surface structure on surface analytical statements

The influence of surface structure of technical materials on results and statements of surface analytical methods has been investigated. Especially surface roughness as a typical property of rolled products has been observed. For this purpose samples of steel (technical surface, roughness up to 5 m) and silicon wafers (polished surface) have been analyzed by SNMS and GDOS in order to get information about changes of the surface roughness as function of the sputtering time and their influence on the statements about the depth profiles obtained.     

Morphology,surface roughness,electron inelastic and quasielastic scattering in elastic peak electron spectroscopy of polymers

In elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES), the nearest vicinity of elastic peak in the low kinetic energy region reflects electron inelastic and quasielastic processes. Incident electrons produce surface excitations, inducing surface plasmons, with the corresponding loss peaks separated by 1–20 eV energy from the elastic peak. In this work, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and helium pycnometry are applied for determining surface atomic composition and bulk density, whereas atomic force microscopy (AFM) is applied for determining surface morphology and roughness. The component due to electron recoil on hydrogen atoms can be observed in EPES spectra for selected primary electron energies. Simulations of EPES predict a larger contribution of the hydrogen component than observed experimentally, where hydrogen deficiency is observed. Elastic peak intensity is influenced more strongly by surface morphology (roughness and porosity) than by surface excitations and quasielastic scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.